UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

OR

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

OR

For the transition period from                     to                     

OR

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 001-38806

Jiayin Group Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

26th Floor, Building No. 1, Youyou Century Plaza,

428 South Yanggao Road, Pudong

New Area, Shanghai 200122

People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Charlie Chunlin Fan, Chief Financial Officer

Tel: 86 21-6082-8732

E-mail: fanchunlin@jiayinfintech.cn

26th Floor, Building No. 1, Youyou Century Plaza,

428 South Yanggao Road, Pudong

New Area, Shanghai 200122

People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

There were 216,100,000 ordinary shares outstanding, consisting of 100,100,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 outstanding Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.000000005 per share, as of December 31, 2019.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☐    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☒

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.    Item 17  ☐    Item 18  ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.    Yes  ☐    No  ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires in this annual report on Form 20-F:

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Our reporting currency is the Renminbi because our business is mainly conducted in China and all of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. The conversion of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this annual report is based on the rate certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at RMB6.9618 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate on December 31, 2019 set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigations Reform Act of 1995.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. You should thoroughly read this annual report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. In addition, the rapidly changing nature of the online consumer finance marketplace industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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PART I

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

The following selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data and selected consolidated cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, and selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report beginning on page F-1. Our selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods. You should read this Selected Financial Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” below.

The following table presents our selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

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The following table presents our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

The following table presents our selected consolidated cash flow data for for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019..

5

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We operate in China’s online consumer finance marketplace , an emerging and evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.

China’s online consumer finance industry is new and may not develop as expected. The regulatory framework for this industry is also evolving and may remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. China’s online consumer finance industry in general remains at a rather preliminary development stage and may not develop at the anticipated growth rate. It is possible that the PRC laws and regulations may change in ways that do not favor our development. If that happens, there may not be adequate loans facilitated on our marketplace and our current business model may be negatively affected. As a new industry, there are very few established players whose business models we can follow or build upon. Potential borrowers and investors may not be familiar with this new industry and may have difficulty distinguishing our services from those of our competitors. Attracting and retaining borrowers and investors is critical to increase the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace. The emerging and evolving online consumer finance market makes it difficult to effectively assess our future prospects. In addition, our business has grown substantially in recent years, but our past growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth.

You should consider our business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges we encounter or may encounter in this developing and rapidly evolving industry. These risks and challenges include our ability to, among other things:

If the market for our marketplace does not develop as we expect, if we fail to educate potential users and funding sources about the value of our platform and services, or if we fail to address the needs of our target customers, our reputation, business and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

The laws and regulations governing online consumer finance industry in China are developing and envolving and subject to changes, If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial conditions and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Due to the relatively short history of the online consumer finance industry in China, the PRC government has yet to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework governing our industry. Before any industry-specific regulations were introduced in mid-2015, the PRC government relied on general and basic laws and regulations for governing the online consumer finance industry, including the PRC Contract Law, the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, and related judicial interpretations promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services.”

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In July 2015, the People’s Bank of China, or the PBOC, together with nine other PRC regulatory agencies jointly issued a series of policy measures applicable to the online finance industry titled the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Online Finance Industry, or the Guidelines. The Guidelines formally introduced for the first time the regulatory framework and basic principles governing the online finance industry, including the provision of online lending information services in China. Following the core principles of the Guidelines, a series of additional restrictions and affirmative obligations were imposed on online lending information intermediaries by the Implementation Strategies Targeted towards Risks related to Online Finance circulated by the General Office of the State Council in April 2016, the Interim Measures on Administration of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries , or the Interim Measure, issued by the CBRC and other PRC regulatory agencies in August 2016, the Circular on Regulating and Rectifying of “Cash Loan” Services , or the Circular 141, issued by the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks and the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks in December 2017, the Notice on the Improvement and Acceptance of P2P Online Lending Risks (“Circular 57”) and the Notice on Conducting Compliance Inspection on P2P Lending Platforms issued by the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks in December 2017 and in August 2018, respectively. In addition, in February 2017 and August 2017, the CBRC issued the Guidelines on Online Lending Funds Custodian Business, or the Custodian Guidelines, and the Guidelines on Information Disclosure of the Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Disclosure Guidelines, respectively. The Custodian Guidelines further clarified the requirement of setting up custody accounts with commercial banks for the funds of individual investors and borrowers held by online individual finance platforms, while the Disclosure Guidelines further specified the disclosure requirements for online lending information service providers. It has been reported that in May 2017, the PBOC and other PRC regulatory agencies issued the Notice on Further Effectively Conducting the Special Campaign on Reorganizing and Rectification in Respect of Risks Related to the Internet Finance Market, or Circular 119, which classified enterprises in the Internet finance market into “compliant enterprises”, “enterprises to conduct rectifications” and “enterprises to be suspended.” Circular 119 further stipulates various procedures to be taken with respect to these three types of enterprises. It has been reported since January 2019 that the Office of the Lending Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks and the Office of the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks jointly issued the Circular on the Classification and Disposal of Risks of Online Lending Institutions and Risk Prevention, or Circular 175. It has been reported that, according to Circular 175, except for large-scale peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces that have not demonstrated any high-risk characteristics, which are generally referred to as Normal Marketplaces, other marketplaces, including shell companies with no substantive operation, small-scale marketplaces, marketplaces with high risks and marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses, shall exit the peer-to-peer lending industry or cease operation. Normal Marketplaces shall cease operating businesses that are not in compliance with laws and regulations. Circular 175 also encourages certain Normal Marketplaces to convert into other types of online financing institutions such as online small loan companies or loan facilitation platforms. According to Circular 175, the overarching objective of Circular 175 is for PRC government agencies to effect orderly exits of certain peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces without inducing systematic risk in the financial system or causing significant social turbulence until only those marketplaces that are strictly in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations remain in operation in the peer-to-peer direct lending industry. It has been reported that in January 2019, the Online Lending Rectification Office enacted the Circular on Further Implementation of Online Lending Intermediaries Compliance Inspection and Follow-up Work, or Circular 1, which has not been officially published. According to Circular 1, for each administrative region, the number of online lending intermediaries, the number of investors and the business volume therein shall be reduced, and for an online lending intermediary, the number of investors, business volume and number of borrowers thereon shall also be reduced.

The laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies are expected to continue to evolve in our industry. The growth in popularity of online individual finance in China increases the likelihood for the government authorities to further regulate our industry. We are unable to predict with certainty the impact, if any, that future legislation, judicial interpretations or regulations relating to the online individual finance industry, or the status and scrutiny of implementation thereof will have on our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that we are not able to fully comply with any applicable laws or regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If our practice is deemed to violate any PRC laws and regulations, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC regulatory regime with respect to the online individual finance industry is relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement are subject to significant uncertainties, it results in difficulties in determining whether our existing practices may be interpreted to violate any applicable laws and regulations.

The Guidelines, the Interim Measures, Circular 141, Circular 57 and other laws and regulations prohibit online lending information intermediaries from certain activities, including but not limited to, credit enhancement, illegal fund-raising, and setting up capital pool. Furthermore, intermediaries that provide online lending information services shall not engage in certain activities, including, among others, (i) fundraising for the intermediaries themselves, (ii) holding investors’ fund or setting up capital pools with investors’ fund, (iii) providing security or guarantee to investors as to the principals and returns of the investment, (iv) issuing or selling any wealth management products, (v) mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date, (vi) securitization, (vii) promoting its financing products on physical premises other than through the permitted electronic channels, such as telephones, mobile phones and internet, (viii) providing loans with its own capital, except as otherwise permitted by laws and regulations; (ix) equity crowd-funding; (x) deducting interest from loan principal; (xi) outsourcing key services such as customer information collection, screening, credit evaluation; (xii) facilitating loans without a designated purpose and (xiii) providing risk reserve fund to the investors.

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In addition, the Interim Measures stipulate the maximum amount that a borrower may borrow through online consumer finance platforms. The Interim Measures also require the intermediaries that provide online lending information services to strengthen their risk management, enhance screening and verifying efforts on the borrowers’ and investors’ information, and to set up custody accounts with qualified banks to hold customer funds, and to disclose the basic information to the investors and borrowers. To the extent AIBANK and we are deemed to be not in full compliance with any applicable laws and regulations, we might be required to make correction or rectification within a six-month rectification period.

Any violation of such applicable laws, regulations or relevant regulatory provisions may subject online peer-to-peer lending information intermediaries to sanctions, including, among others, supervision interviews, regulatory warning, correction order, condemnation, negative credit record and publication, fines, and criminal liabilities if the act constitutes a criminal offense.

To comply with existing laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies relating to the online consumer finance industry, we have implemented various policies and procedures to conduct our business and operations. However, due to lack of detailed implementation rules on certain key requirements of the regulations and different interpretation of the regulations by the local authorities, we cannot be certain that our existing practices would not be deemed in violation of any existing or future laws, rules and regulations that are applicable to our business.

In particular, we cannot rule out the possibility that some of our existing practices might be deemed as not being fully in compliance. For instance, we have established a secondary loan market to provide flexible options for exiting investments. Although the Circular 57 clarifies that the legality of transfer of creditor’s rights depends on specific situation and low-frequency transfers between creditors for fluidity are generally acceptable, we cannot ensure full compliance of all transfer of creditor’s right completed on our marketplace.

Furthermore, online lending information intermediaries are prohibited from holding investors’ fund or setting up capital pools with investors’ fund or mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date, it is uncertain how the “setting up capital pool” or “mismatch” will be interpreted due to the lack of detailed implementing rules. We offer automated investment programs that investors authorize us to make investments and when necessary transfer their creditor’s rights on their behalf to other investors on our marketplace. We generally put loans on the same expected mature schedule into one investment program. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our automated investment programs might be viewed by the PRC regulatory agencies as, in certain circumstances, setting up capital pool or mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date.

Although the Guidelines and the Interim Measures prohibit online marketplace lending service providers from providing “credit enhancement services”, or providing any security interest or guarantee to investors on the principal or return of their investments, it is uncertain how the provisions would be interpreted and implemented. Circular 57 further requires individual finance platforms to cease setting aside risk reserve fund and gradually reduce the size of their current risk reserve fund. Furthermore, if the investor assurance programs are viewed by the PRC regulatory bodies as providing a form of guarantee, under the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Laws Applicable to Trials of Private Lending Cases, or the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, issued by the Supreme People’s Court on August 6, 2015 and being effective on September 1, 2015, if requested by the investor with the court, we may be required to assume the obligations as to the defaulted loan as a guarantor. The risk reserve fund was managed by Shanghai Caiyin Asset Management Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Caiyin”) before April 28, 2018, and we began to partner with a third party guarantor to manage the investor assurance program since April 28, 2018. Due to the lack of detailed implementing rules, we cannot rule out the possibility that our past risk reserve fund and investor assurance program might be deemed as providing credit enhancement services, or a form of guarantee to investors, prohibited by the Guidelines and Interim Measures.

Moreover, due to lack of industry-wide information sharing arrangement, we cannot assure you that the aggregate amount borrowed by any borrower through our platform and other online consumer finance platforms does not exceed the borrowing limit set out by the Interim Measures.

According to the Interim Measures, if an online lending information intermediary institution operates business in physical places other than the internet, fixed-line telephones, mobile phones and other electronic channels, such institutions may only conduct risk management activities such as collection and verification of credit information, post-loan follow-up management, mortgage and pledge management and conduct certain necessary business operations specified in online lending regulatory provisions. It is also prohibited from publicizing or recommending a project needing funding at any physical place other than electronic channels such as the Internet, fixed-line telephones, and mobile phones, or entrusting or authorizing a third party to do so. We also engage in various branding initiatives by advertising our Niwodai brand on TV shows and sports games. Although the purpose is mainly to enhance our brand awareness, instead of recommending a project, and we believe such activities are in compliance, we cannot assure you the PRC regulatory authorities would hold the same view as ours and such practice would not be deemed to violate any existing or future laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies on promoting consumer finance loans through offline channels.

In addition, Circular 141 prohibits peer-to-peer lending information intermediaries from providing loan matching services without designated use. Therefore we require a borrower to specify its loan use during the application process. The multilateral loan agreement among the borrower, investor and Niwodai Internet also stipulates the loan use and the borrower’s undertaking that he or she would not use the proceeds for any use other than the prescribed purposes (including but not limited to lending, payment for property purchases, foreclosures, real estate over-the-counter financing, real estate development, securities investment or equity investment, over-the-counter allocation, futures contracts, structured products and other derivatives and investments with equal risk or other illegal transactions, etc.). We also request our borrowers to provide proof for usage of such loan when its term expires on a selective basis. Where the borrower fails to comply with the aforesaid undertaking, the lender may call the loan and demand the borrower to bear the liability for the breach of the agreement. Where the borrower violates the laws and regulations, Niwodai Internet has the right to immediately report to corresponding regulatory authorities including the public security bureau. However, we cannot monitor how borrowers use the proceeds from time to time. We cannot ensure borrowers fully comply with the loan agreement, and there can be no assurance that such practice would be considered by PRC regulators as being in compliance with any existing or future laws, regulations, rules and governmental policies on prohibition against facilitating loans without a designated purpose.

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Furthermore, Circular 141 requires banking financial institutions that participate in the “cash loan” business to ensure that no third parties will charge borrowers any interest or fees to borrowers and not to accept any credit enhancement services or other similar services from third parties without qualification to provide guarantee. Since the third quarter of 2019, we have proactively made an adjustment to our cooperation model with institutional funding partners through Geerong Yun (Shanghai) Enterprise Development Co., Ltd. (“Geerong Yun”, formerly known as “Jirongyun (Shanghai) Enterprise Development Co., Ltd.”). To comply with Circular 141, we cooperate with certain institutional partners such as banks and microcredit companies by having them charge fees directly to borrowers and pay service fees for credit assessment, borrower matching and information support to us. And we do not offer credit enhancement services directly to institutional partners for loans facilitated. Instead, the credit enhancement services are offered by licensed third-party credit enhancement service providers. However, due to the lack of interpretation and implementation rules and the fact that the laws and regulations are rapidly evolving, we cannot assure you that our business model will be in full compliance with existing and future laws and regulations.

Moreover, Circular 141 prohibits banking financial institutions from outsourcing core businesses such as credit examination and risk control. Currently, loans facilitated by Geerong Yun are directly funded to the borrowers. We refer to such institutional funding partners qualified credit applications from borrowers, and only provide initial screening, preliminary credit examination and technical services. They will then review the applications and conduct risk controls themselves. But we cannot rule out the possibility that government authorities could consider our services to be in violation of Circular 141. If any of our services are deemed to be in violation of Circular 141, we could face penalties, including but not limited to suspensions of operation, orders to rectify and condemnation. If this is the case, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, on October 9, 2019, CBIRC issued the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Supplementary Provisions on the Supervision and Management of Financing Guarantee Companies (the “CBIRC Circular 37”), which explicitly provides that institutions providing customer promotion, credit assessment and other services for various lending institutions shall not provide financing guarantee services without approval. During our cooperation with certain institutional funding partners since the third quarter of 2019, the credit enhancement services have been provided by licensed third-party credit enhancement service providers (the “Licensed Credit Enhancement Providers”), the Licensed Credit Enhancement Providers also demand counter-guarantees by another company in some contracts. Meanwhile, we also provide commitment letter of balance complements to the institutional funding partners or the Licensed Credit Enhancement Providers as required by them. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations. If the behavior of Jiayin Finance was deemed to be financing guarantee services without approval according to CBIRC Circular 37, we might be subject to licensing requirements and might be subject to penalties such as suspension of relevant business.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties under any PRC laws or regulations, including those governing the online consumer finance industry in China. If our practice is deemed to violate any laws, regulations and rules, we may face, among others, regulatory warning, corrective order, condemnation, fines and criminal liability. If such situations occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

The growth of our business is limited by PRC laws and regulations, and we may be ordered by PRC regulatory agencies to exit the online individual finance industry or shut down our marketplace.

The rapid growth of China’s online individual finance industry has attracted a large number of market players. However, business failures of, or accusations of fraud and unfair dealing against, certain companies in the online individual finance industry in China have surfaced in recent years, creating a negative public perception of online individual finance market players. In an effort to manage risks and maintain market integrity, PRC regulatory authorities have issued various guidelines and policies that impose stricter requirements on online individual finance marketplaces. Further, certain of these policies impose limits on the growth of the individual finance industry and marketplaces. In accordance with Circular 57, online lending marketplaces shall optimize their business portfolios continuously and manage the scale of their business. Marketplaces that have received rectification notices shall ensure steady decrease of the balance of non-compliant business on these marketplaces and shall not engage in any new non-compliant operations.

It has been reported that pursuant to Circular 119, provincial government agencies should identify key market players which engage in Internet financing and conduct on-site inspections. For institutions with minor violations of laws and regulations and strong willingness to rectify such violations, provincial government agencies should issue a rectification notice to the institutions and require them to prepare and submit a rectification plan for review. An enterprise that has received a rectification notice from government agencies, or an “enterprise to conduct rectifications”, is required to promise, in its rectification plan, that it will not engage in any new non-compliant operations. Furthermore, such rectification plan shall provide a clear schedule for such enterprise to wind down and terminate all outstanding non-compliant business contracts and operations, which schedule in principal shall be no longer than one year, unless other specific regulations stipulate otherwise. Enterprises to conduct rectifications should report regularly to the government agencies on their rectification process, finish the rectification in accordance with the rectification plan, and apply for rectifying inspection by government agencies. Enterprises which refuse to rectify non-compliant activities, or fail to pass rectifying inspections, or engage in significant non-compliance shall be shut down in accordance with relevant regulations. During the process of the Special Campaign, provincial government agencies shall ensure that the number of enterprises in the Internet finance market and relevant business scale in such province to decrease, which is referred to as the Dual Decrease.

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As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any rectification notice. Accordingly, we believe we are a “compliant enterprise” under Circular 119. As such, we believe that despite that we need to manage our business scale, we are not subject to the requirement of Circular 57 and Circular 119 to decrease the balance of our “non-compliant” business steadily. However, we may receive a rectification notice at any time which deems our business operation to be non-compliant. Furthermore, due to lack of clarity under Circular 57 and 119, there are uncertainties that regulatory authorities may hold a different view and consider us to be an “enterprise to conduct rectifications” or an “enterprise to be suspended.” If any of the foregoing were to occur, we may be ordered to decrease the amount of, or suspend loans originated and investments made on our marketplace, terminate outstanding loans and investments prior to maturity, or even shut down our marketplace. In addition, as provincial government agencies are required to ensure the Dual Decrease, we may be ordered to do the foregoing despite that we are operating a “compliant enterprise.” If that were to happen, our business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected.

It has been reported that according to Circular 175, the overarching objective of Circular 175 is for PRC government agencies to effect orderly exits of certain peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces without inducing systematic risk in the financial system or causing significant social turbulence until only those marketplaces that are strictly in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations remain in operation in the peer-to-peer direct lending industry. Circular 175 classifies peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces into (i) marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses and (ii) marketplaces that have not been involved in such incidents, and the latter is further classified, based on the scale of their business operations, into (a) shell companies with zero loan balance or loan origination for more than three months and marketplaces that no longer facilitate loan application and investment, or are otherwise not in operation, (b) small-scale marketplaces, which shall be determined based on factors including outstanding balance and number of borrowers by provincial governmental agencies, and (c) large-scale marketplaces, including marketplaces with high risks, and Normal Marketplaces that have not demonstrated any high-risk characteristics. In accordance with Circular 175, marketplaces with high risks include, for instance, marketplaces that fund loans to themselves or facilitate sham loans, marketplaces with unclear fund flows, marketplaces with massive negative publicity and complaints, marketplaces that refuse to or are reluctant to rectify non-compliant operations. Pursuant to Circular 175, except for Normal Marketplaces, other marketplaces shall exit the peer-to-peer lending industry or cease operation. The aforementioned summaries of Circular 119 and Circular 175 are based on certain media reports, including alleged photocopies of Circular 119 and Circular 175 presented in such reports. We have been advised by our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, that Circular 119 and Circular 175 have not been officially issued to the public by any government agencies, and therefore there are uncertainties as to the accuracy of the media reports, as well as the authenticity, meaning and application of Circular 119 and Circular 175.

Based on our current understanding of Circular 175, as we currently operate a vibrant marketplace and investors on our marketplace have been duly repaid, we believe we would not fall into categories (i) and (ii)(a) above. We expect to be categorized as a large-scale marketplace instead of a small-scale one, based on the number of borrowers and the outstanding balance on our marketplace, compared to our competitors. In addition, we believe we are not a marketplace with high risks as we do not possess any high-risk characteristic stipulated in Circular 175. As such, we believe that we operate a Normal Marketplace. In accordance with Circular 175, Normal Marketplaces shall strictly manage the scale of their business and number of investors, follow the requirements of Dual Decrease and report relevant data to competent government agencies. We will continue to implement internal rectification measures to help ensure compliance with laws and regulations. As Circular 175 does not require Normal Marketplaces to exit the industry or shut down and imposes minimum restrictions on Normal Marketplaces, we believe that Circular 175, if officially issued, would not have a material adverse impact on our business and operations. It has also been reported that according to Circular 1, for each administrative region, the number of online lending intermediaries, the number of investors and the business volume therein shall be reduced, and with respect to an online lending intermediary, the number of investors, business volume and number of borrowers thereon shall also be reduced. We may, however, be encouraged by government authorities to convert into other types of online financing institutions such as online small loan companies or loan facilitation platforms. If we were to change the type of business we operate, our business, financial condition and results of operation might be materially and adversely affected. In addition, due to lack of clarity in certain key definitions under Circular 57, Circular 119, Circular 175 and Circular 1, it is currently unclear to what extent an online individual finance marketplace should manage its business scale. Considering that the overarching objective of these regulations is to manage risks in the financial system instead of eliminating the online individual finance industry, we believe that while these regulations prohibit drastic increases in the business scale or number of investors, they do not mean to set definite limits on the scales or numbers of investors of the marketplaces. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice from government agencies that sets any limit on our loan balance or number of investors. Based on our interpretation of these regulations, in order to stay compliant with these circulars, we closely monitor our outstanding principal and number of investors and lenders, and voluntarily manage these operating metrics so that they does not experience any significant increase since June 30, 2017. Furthermore, if such regulations are to be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our interpretation, and if we are deemed a Normal Marketplace but nevertheless are required to decrease the balance of our business and number of investors, our business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially and adversely affected. In particular, as our future revenue, profit and working capital rely on the amount of loans originated on our marketplace and the corresponding service fees we are entitled to collect from such loans, if we were required by regulatory action to decrease or not to increase the outstanding principal of our business, we might need to take various measures in order to maintain the current scale or growth of our business while adhering to our interpretations of these regulations. These measures might include offering products of a shorter term in order to maintain our loan origination volume, which may not be acceptable to current and future customers, and cooperating with financial institutions, which may not be available on reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all, and all of these measures may not be sufficient to maintain our current loan origination and investment volumes or business growth, and may not generate sufficient revenue or cash inflows to offset decreases in the outstanding principal of our marketplace, or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits.

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Furthermore, due to lack of clarity in certain key definitions under Circular 175, there are uncertainties that regulatory authorities may hold a different view and determine that we are not a Normal Marketplace. If we are deemed as a marketplace other than a Normal Marketplace under Circular 175 by government authorities, our marketplace would be shut down and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We are required to register our marketplace with the local financial regulatory authority and we have not completed, and may not be able to complete, the registration.

Online lending information intermediaries are required under the Interim Measures to register with the local financial regulatory authority, obtain the applicable telecommunication business license afterward, update their business scope to include “online lending information intermediary” with the local commercial registration authority. The Instructions on Record-filing and Registration of Online Lending Information Intermediaries issued by the CBRC and other PRC regulatory agencies in November 2016 further emphasize that online lending information intermediaries shall apply for value-added telecommunications business operation licenses with certificate of registration issued by the local financial regulatory authority. Niwodai Internet, which operates our online peer-to-peer individual finance marketplace, has neither completed the registration with the local financial regulatory authority, nor obtained the applicable telecommunication business license, nor updated its business scope to include “online lending information intermediary” as required by the Interim Measures. Niwodai Internet’s failure to complete the registration and/or obtain telecommunication business operation license may subject it to administrative measures and sanctions, including but not limited to fines, confiscation of illegal gains and shutting down its websites. Moreover, although Niwodai Internet has implemented internal rectification measures in accordance with relevant laws and regulations as well as the requirements of the relevant PRC government authorities, Niwodai Internet may still be subject to administrative proceedings and/or criminal prosecution and fines or unable to complete the registration with the local financial regulatory authority because some of its previous and/or existing practices (including but not limited to (i) mismatch between investor’s expected timing of exit and the maturity date in cases of reinvestments by the automated investment programs, (ii) operating the risk reserve fund) are likely to be deemed as not being fully in compliance with relevant governmental requirements. As of the date of this annual report, the PRC financial regulatory authorities are still in the process of formulating detailed implementation rules governing the filing procedures and to our knowledge, none of the online lending information intermediaries nationwide has so far been permitted to make such filing. We cannot assure you when we will be able to submit such filing application and once submitted, whether our application will be accepted by the local financial regulatory authorities. If Niwodai Internet is required to make further rectifications by the Shanghai financial regulatory authorities and fails to fully satisfy the authorities’ requirements, its application for registering as an online lending information intermediary with the local financial regulatory authority may be delayed or even denied. If an online lending information intermediary substantially engages in P2P online lending business without completing the required filing with local financial regulatory authorities, then, relevant governmental authorities shall take administrative measures pursuant to Circular 57, including shutting down its websites, nullifying its telecommunication business license and prohibiting it from receiving financial service from any financial institution. If such situations occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

Our cooperation with institutional funding partners may expose us to regulatory uncertainties and we may be required to obtain additional government approval or license due to our cooperation with institutional funding partners.

We have gradually expanded our institutional funding partner base and the volume of loans funded by our institutional funding partners in 2019. Our collaboration with institutional funding partners has exposed us to and may continue to expose us to additional regulatory uncertainties faced by such institutional funding partners. For example, the Circular 141 provides a series of guidance on the cash loan business of financial institutions. To comply with such guidance, our institutional funding partners, such as banks and consumer finance companies, may need to change their cooperation model with their business partners, including us, which may adversely affect our business. In addition, we cannot assure you that the business operations of our institutional funding partners currently are or will be in compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations, and in the event that our institutional funding partners do not operate their businesses in accordance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations, they will be exposed to various regulatory risks and therefore, our business, financial condition and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, CBIRC Circular 37 explicitly provides that institutions providing customer promotion, credit assessment and other services for various lending institutions shall not provide financing guarantee services without approval. During our cooperation with certain institutional funding partners since the third quarter of 2019, the credit enhancement services have been provided by the Licensed Credit Enhancement Providers, the Licensed Credit Enhancement Providers also demand counter-guarantees by another company in some contracts. Meanwhile, we also provide commitment letter of balance complements to the institutional funding partners or the Licensed Credit Enhancement Providers as required by them. There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations. If the behavior of Jiayin Finance was deemed to be financing guarantee services without approval according to CBIRC Circular 37, we might be subject to licensing requirements and might be subject to penalties such as suspension of relevant business.

If we are unable to maintain and increase the number of our investors and borrowers or the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

The loan origination and investment volume facilitated through our marketplace have grown rapidly over the past few years. The total loan origination volume facilitated through our marketplace was RMB19.8 billion in 2017, RMB23.7 billion in 2018, and RMB19.1 billion (US$2.7 billion) in 2019, respectively. The investment volume facilitated through our marketplace was 21.8 billion in 2017, RMB26.8 billion in 2018, RMB23.0 billion (US$3.3 billion) in 2019, respectively. To maintain the high growth momentum of our marketplace, we must continuously increase the volume of loans by retaining current participants and attracting more users whose financing or investment needs can be met on our marketplace. If there are insufficient qualified loan applications, investors may not be able to deploy their capital in a timely or efficient manner and may seek other investment opportunities. If there are insufficient investor commitments, borrowers may not be able to obtain capital through our marketplace and may turn to other sources for their borrowing needs. If we are unable to attract qualified borrowers and sufficient investor commitments or if investors and borrowers do not continue to participate in our marketplace at the current rates due to any change we may be required to make to the way we conduct our business to ensure compliance with existing or new PRC laws and regulations or due to other business or regulatory reasons, we might not be able to increase our loan transaction volume and revenues as we expect, and our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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If we are unable to secure funding from institutional funding partners on terms acceptable to us, or at all, our reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We collaborate with institutional funding partners to fund certain loans we facilitate. Our current institutional funding partners include banks, trusts and microcredit companies.

The availability of funding from institutional funding partners depends on many factors, some of which are out of our control. Some of our institutional funding partners have limited operating history, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to rely on their funding in the future. Our ability to cooperate with new institutional funding partners may be subject to regulatory or other limitations. In addition, regardless of our risk management efforts, loans facilitated by us may nevertheless be considered riskier and have a higher delinquency rate than loans provided by traditional financial institutions. In the event there is a sudden or unexpected shortage of funds from our institutional funding partners or if our institutional funding partners have determined not to continue to collaborate with us, we may not be able to maintain necessary levels of funding without incurring high costs of capital, or at all. While we have managed to diversify our funding sources, there can be no assurance that our funding sources will remain or become increasingly diversified in the future. If we become dependent on a small number of institutional funding partners and any such institutional funding partner determines not to collaborate with us or limits the funding that is available, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow may be materially and adversely affected.

If we fail to secure adequate funding from investors or to maintain sufficient liquidity for our investment programs, our reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We currently offer our individual investors a variety of investment programs consisting of loan portfolios with different sizes, terms and estimated returns. Upon maturity of an investment or a transfer request made by an individual investor whose investment is beyond the restricted period, the loans underlying such investment program held by the investor may be transferred to another individual investor, in many cases through investment program as part of the underlying loan portfolios. The smooth operations of our secondary loan market and investment programs require sufficient liquidity consistently. If we fail to secure adequate funding to support the required liquidity, individual investors who subscribe for our investment programs may rush for exit and cause a run on our investment programs. Although we have developed sophisticated algorithm and system to match the invest-in and transfer requests among the investors to provide liquidity, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain the liquidity at a sufficient level that every transfer request from our individual investors who subscribe for our investment programs can be met.

Our institutional funding partners typically agree to provide funding to our users who meet their predetermined criteria, subject to their approval process. In addition, while our users’ loan requests are usually approved if they fall within the parameters set and agreed upon by us and our institutional funding partners, they may implement additional requirements in their approval process outside of our monitor and control. Thus, there is no assurance that our institutional funding partners could provide reliable, sustainable and adequate funding to support the required liquidity as they could decline to fund user loans originated on our platform. In addition, if PRC laws and regulations impose more restrictions on cooperation with institutional funding partners, these institutional funding partners will become more selective in choosing cooperation partners, which may drive up the funding costs and the competition among online lending platforms to cooperate with a limited number of institutional funding partners as well as other non-institutional funding sources. Any of the above may materially increase our funding costs, which may adversely affect our results of operations and profitability. Furthermore, if PRC laws and regulations are issued that prohibit our cooperation with our institutional funding partners, our cooperation with our funding partners may have to be terminated or suspended, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to maintain the necessary liquidity due to any technical issues, declines in investors or other reasons, investors may find our investment programs and marketplace less attractive and may reduce their investment in our products or the use of our marketplace. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

If our existing and new loan products and investing tools and programs do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, our financial results and competitive position will be harmed.

We have devoted significant resources to, and will continue to emphasize, upgrading and marketing our existing loan products and investing tools and programs and enhancing their market awareness. We also incur expenses and expend resources upfront to develop, acquire and market new loan products and investing tools and programs that incorporate additional features, improve functionality or otherwise make our marketplace more desirable to investors and borrowers. New loan products and investing tools and programs must achieve high levels of market acceptance in order for us to recoup our investment in developing, acquiring and bringing them to market.

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Our existing and new loan products and investing tools and programs could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including:

In addition, our marketplace features a high proportion of repeat investors and borrowers. Out of the total loan volume facilitated through our marketplace in 2017, 2018 and 2019, 42.1%, 38.6% and 50.4%, respectively, was attributable to repeat borrowers who had successfully borrowed on our marketplace before. Out of the total investment volume facilitated through our market place from individual investors in 2017, 2018 and 2019, 92.0%, 96.8% and 97.6%, respectively, was attributable to repeat investors. The loan size of repeat borrowing and investment of repeat investors tends to be larger than that of first time borrowing and investment. Repeat borrowing also generally contributes to a higher overall credit quality of borrowers on our marketplace as we only permit borrowers with positive repayment histories to become repeat borrowers. If our repeat borrowing and investment rate decreases in the future, or if the repeat borrowing and investment rate is not as high as our expectations, our overall profitability may be adversely affected. If we are unable to increase the number of repeat investors and borrowers on our marketplace, the credit quality, amount of transaction and service fees and overall profitability of our marketplace may be adversely affected. If our existing and new loan products and investing tools do not achieve adequate acceptance in the market, especially among our existing investors and borrowers, our competitive position, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

If we are unable to provide a high-quality user experience, our business and reputation may be materially and adversely affected.

The success of our business largely depends on our ability to provide high-quality user experience, which in turn depends on a variety of factors. These factors include our ability to continue to offer loan products at competitive amount of financing interest and service fees and adequate credit limits, reliable and user-friendly website interface and mobile apps for users to browse, apply for credit or invest, and further improve our online transaction process. If users are not satisfied with our loan products or our services, or our system is severely interrupted or otherwise fail to meet the borrowers’ requests, our reputation and borrower loyalty could be adversely affected.

In addition, if our user service representatives fail to provide satisfactory service, or if waiting time for our user service hotline is too long due to the high volume of inquiries from users and borrowers at peak times, our brands and borrower loyalty may be adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity or poor feedback regarding our borrower service may harm our brands and reputation and in turn cause us to lose borrowers and market share. As a result, if we are unable to continue to maintain or enhance our borrower experience and provide a high-quality borrower service, we may not be able to retain borrowers or attract prospective borrowers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any negative publicity with respect to us, the online individual finance industry in general and our third-party partners may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Reputation of our brand is critical to our business and competitiveness. Factors that are vital to our reputation include but are not limited to our ability to:

Any malicious or negative allegation made by the media or other parties about the foregoing or other aspects of our company, including but not limited to our management, business, compliance with law, financial condition or prospects, whether with merit or not, could severely compromise our reputation and harm our business and operating results.

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As the China online individual finance industry is new and the regulatory framework for this industry is also evolving, negative publicity about this industry may arise from time to time. Negative publicity about China’s online individual finance industry in general may also have a negative impact on our reputation, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. The PRC government has recently instituted specific rules to develop a more transparent regulatory environment for the online individual finance industry. Any players in China’s online individual finance industry who are not in compliance with these regulations may adversely impact the reputation of the industry as a whole. Furthermore, any negative development in, or negative perception of, the online individual finance industry as a whole, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could compromise our image, undermine the trust and credibility we have established and imposed a negative impact on our ability to attract new investors and borrowers. Negative developments in the online individual finance industry, such as widespread borrower defaults, fraudulent behavior and/or the closure of other online individual finance marketplaces, may also lead to tightened regulatory scrutiny of the sector and limit the scope of permissible business activities that may be conducted by online individual finance marketplaces like us. For instance, there were a number of reports of business failures of, or accusations of fraud and unfair dealing against, certain companies in the online individual finance industry in China. Although the market exits of these companies may result in more healthy and stable development of the online individual finance industry, to the extent borrowers or investors associate our company with these companies, they may be less willing to initiate transactions on our marketplace. In June and July 2018, in response to tightening industry regulations and changing macro-economic conditions in China, there was an increase of news reports related to the difficulties, or even suspension of operation in some cases, encountered by certain individual lending marketplaces. In such a market environment, investors’ willingness to invest on our marketplace declined and the loan origination volume on our marketplace decreased temporarily. Borrowers’ willingness to repay was also negatively impacted by the negative publicity, which resulted in higher default rates. Starting in the second half of July 2018, PRC government commenced implementing monetary and fiscal policies to provide more liquidity to the market, which to some extent alleviated investors’ concerns, and the number of such news reports started to subside. Our business, financial condition and results of operations were adversely affected by such unfavorable market developments. See “Item 5. Operating And Financial Review And Prospects.” There is still substantial uncertainty with respect to PRC regulatory policies in this field and condition of the individual finance market, and we cannot assure you that similar negative news reports will not appear again in the future.

In addition, negative publicity about our partners, service providers or other counterparties, such as negative publicity about their loan collection practices and any failure by them to adequately protect the information of our investors and borrowers, to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to otherwise meet required quality and service standards could harm our reputation. If any of the foregoing takes place, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Changes in PRC regulations relating to interest rates for marketplace and micro-credit lending could have a material adverse effect on our business.

According to the relevant PRC laws and regulations, in the context of lending activities between individuals, entities or other organizations that are not licensed financial institutions, if the interest rate of a loan exceeds 36% per annum, the exceeding part of the interest rate is invalid and void; if the interest rate of a loan exceeds 24% per annum but is no more than 36% per annum, the exceeding part will be treated as natural obligation—valid but not enforceable in the PRC judicial system, while the enforceability of the 24% per annum part will not be affected. In addition, on August 4, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court promulgated the Circular of Several Suggestions on Further Strengthening the Judicial Practice Regarding Financial Cases, which provides, among others, that (i) the claim of a borrower under a financial loan agreement to adjust or cut down the part of interest exceeding 24% per annum on the basis that the aggregate amount of interest, compound interest, default interest, liquidated damages and other fees collectively claimed by the lender is overly high shall be supported by the PRC courts; and (ii) in the context of online finance disputes, if the online lending information intermediary platforms and the lender circumvent the upper limit of the judicially protected interest rate by charging intermediary fee, it shall be ruled as invalid. In addition, under Circular 141, the overall borrowing costs charged to borrowers should be calculated by loan interest together with all relevant fees and presented in an annualized form. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services—Regulations on Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Intermediary Information Services” for more details.

In an effort to comply with potentially applicable laws and regulations, we adjusted the pricing of all our loan products in December 2017 to ensure that the APR charged on all loans do not exceed 36%. We believe that the APR of the loan products we currently offer does not exceed 36% and is therefore permitted by the Supreme Court’s interpretations. However, we cannot assure you that the PRC courts and relevant governmental authorities will hold the same view as ours, and parts or all of the service fees we collected may be ruled and recognized as invalid, which would affect our results of operations and financial condition materially and adversely. In addition, as we generate revenues primarily from fees charged for our services and such regulation on interest rate materially limits our ability to charge service fees from borrowers, such regulation on interest rate could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to credit cycles and the risk of deterioration of credit profiles of borrowers.

Our business is subject to credit cycle associated with the volatility of general economy. If economic conditions deteriorate, we may face increased risk of default or delinquency of borrowers, which will result in lower returns or losses. In the event that the creditworthiness of our borrowers deteriorates or we cannot track the deterioration of their creditworthiness, the criteria we use for the analysis of borrower credit profiles may be rendered inaccurate, and our risk management system may be subsequently rendered ineffective. This in turn may lead to higher default rates and adverse impact on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial positions.

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Broader macro, political and socio-economic factors and regulatory environment in China affecting market conditions can materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

General economic, macro, political and socio-economic factors beyond our control and regulatory environment in China may deter borrowers’ interest in seeking loans through our marketplace, and similarly, investors’ willingness to lend. Such factors include the general interest rate, unemployment rates, residential home values and availability of other investment opportunities. If any of these risk factors should materialize, the volume of loans facilitated on our marketplace will necessarily decline and our revenues and operating results may be adversely affected. For instance, in response to the changing regulatory environment in the fourth quarter of 2017, M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for such quarter increased temporarily, and our operating results for such quarter were negatively affected. From the second quarter of 2019, the loan origination volume on our marketplace decreased due to Circular 1, which requires an online lending intermediary to reduce the number of investors, business volume and number of borrowers.

We cannot guarantee that economic conditions will remain favorable for our business or industry and that demand and supply for consumer loans such as those we primarily facilitate over our marketplace will continue to be met at current levels. If demand or supply reduces, or if the default rate increases, our growth and revenue will be negatively impacted.

If our ability to collect delinquent loans is impaired, our business and results of operations might be materially and adversely affected.

We primarily engage collection service providers to handle the collection of delinquent loans. We also rely on our in-house collection team to assist us with payment collection from time to time. If our or third-party agencies’ collection methods, such as phone calls and text messages, are not as effective as they were and we fail to respond quickly and improve our collection methods, our delinquent loan collection rate may decrease and our investors may suffer loss. Furthermore, as the Chinese Central Bank intends to introduce new rules to prohibit violent collection method in order to protect the legitimate rights for the financial consumer, if any of our collection methods are viewed by the borrowers or regulatory authorities as harassments, threats or other illegal conducts, we may be subject to lawsuits initiated by the borrowers or prohibited by the regulatory authorities from using certain collection methods. If this were to happen and we fail to adopt alternative collection methods in a timely manner or the alternative collection methods are proven not effective, we might not be able to maintain our delinquent loan collection rate and the investors’ confidence in our marketplace may be negatively affected. If any of the foregoing takes place and impairs our ability to collect delinquent loans, the loan origination volumes on our marketplace will decrease and our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Credit and other information that we receive from prospective borrowers and third parties about a borrower may be inaccurate or may not accurately reflect the borrower’s creditworthiness, which may compromise the accuracy of our credit assessment.

For the purpose of credit assessment, we obtain from prospective borrowers and third parties certain information of the prospective borrowers, which may not be complete, accurate or reliable. The third parties whom we collaborate with include industry anti-fraud service providers, Internet or wireless service providers, online shopping websites and payment service providers. Historically, we also rely on our related party, Jiayin Credit Investigation Service Co., Ltd., or Jiayin Credit, an entity controlled by our founder, director and chief executive officer, Mr. Dinggui Yan, to conduct onsite credit information collection and verification for our borrowers referred by our offline partners. A credit score assigned to a borrower may not reflect that particular borrower’s actual creditworthiness because the credit score may be based on outdated, incomplete or inaccurate borrower information. Additionally, once we have obtained a borrower’s information, the borrower may subsequently (i) become delinquent in the payment of an outstanding obligation; (ii) default on a pre-existing debt obligation; (iii) take on additional debt; or (iv) sustain other adverse financial events, making the information we have previously obtained inaccurate. We currently cannot determine whether borrowers have outstanding loans through other individual finance marketplaces at the time they obtain a loan from us. This creates the risk that a borrower may borrow money through our platform in order to pay off loans on other individual finance marketplaces and vice versa. If a borrower incurs additional debt before fully repaying any loan such borrower takes out on our marketplace, the additional debt may impair the ability of that borrower to make payments on his or her loan and the investor’s ability to receive investment returns associated with such loan. In addition, the additional debt may adversely affect the borrower’s creditworthiness generally, and could result in the financial distress or insolvency of the borrower. To the extent that a borrower has or incurs other indebtedness and cannot repay all of his or her indebtedness, the obligations under the loans will rank pari passu to each other and the borrower may choose to make payments to other creditors rather than to investors on our marketplace. The additional debt may adversely affect the borrower’s creditworthiness generally, and could result in the financial distress or insolvency of the borrower, impairing the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the investor’s ability to receive investment returns associated with such loan. In addition, if a borrower incurs debt on other online lending platforms in order to repay our loans, the borrower’s ability to repay such loans is limited by the availability of funding sources subject to factors beyond the borrower’s control, which may adversely affect our results of operations. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2017, changes to regulatory landscape, including the release of Circular 141 and Circular 57, increased market uncertainties and resulted in an unexpected short-term volatility of borrower credit performance across our industry. Many online lending platforms adjusted their business and ceased to provide loan products prohibited by Circular 141 in response to the tightening regulation, which led to liquidity shortage for certain borrowers who relied on other online lending platforms to fund their repayment to their existing loans, including to us. We observed a higher delinquency rate for loans facilitated in the fourth quarter of 2017, which returned to normal from the first quarter of 2018. Such inaccurate or incomplete borrower information could compromise the accuracy of our credit assessment and adversely affect the effectiveness of our risk management, which could in turn harm our reputation, and as a result our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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We rely on our proprietary credit assessment model in assessing the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the risks associated with loans. If our credit assessment model is flawed or ineffective, or if we otherwise fail or are perceived to fail to manage the default risks of loans facilitated through our marketplace, our reputation and market share would be materially and adversely affected, which would severely impact our business and results of operations.

Our ability to attract investors and borrowers to, and build trust in, our marketplace is significantly dependent on our ability to effectively evaluate borrowers’ credit profiles and likelihood of default. To conduct this evaluation, we utilize our proprietary and open credit assessment model, which is built based on massive data collected through various channels, and strengthened by our sophisticated artificial intelligence and advanced machine learning techniques. Our credit assessment model conducts in-depth anti-fraud and delinquency history analysis of the borrowers, assigns the borrowers a credit score based on their risk profile, which directly affect the interests rate and credit limit available to the borrower. However, our credit assessment model may not effectively assess the credit risk of the borrower, or predict future delinquency rate and loan losses. If we are unable to effectively classify borrowers into the relative risk categories, we may be unable to effectively manage the default risks of loans facilitated through our marketplace, which may adversely affect our ability to accurately account for risk related to such loans, and furthermore, our ability to offer attractive interest rates for borrowers and returns for investors. Because investment in loans on our marketplace involves inherent risks, we are unable to completely eliminate borrowers’ default despite various preventive and investor protection measures we have taken or will take.

In addition, if a borrower’s financial condition worsens after his or her loan application is approved, we may not be able to take measures to prevent default on the part of the borrower and thereby maintain a reasonably low default rate for loans facilitated through our marketplace. Our credit assessment model may not be able to timely and accurately adjust down the credit rating assigned to a borrower if such borrower’s creditworthiness deteriorates. In addition, certain line items on our financial statements, including allowance for uncollectible receivables and contract assets and provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program, are recorded based on the default rate that we estimate. Since our estimate of the risks might be inaccurate, our consolidated financial statements may be materially misstated.

While we continuously refine the algorithms, data processing and machine learning used by our credit assessment model to reduce the likelihood of mispricing loans or misclassifying borrower, our loan pricing and approval process could be negatively affected if any of these decision-making and scoring systems contain programming or other errors, are ineffective or the data provided by borrowers or third parties are incorrect or stale. If any of the foregoing were to occur in the future, investors may try to rescind their affected investments or decide not to invest in loans, or borrowers may seek to revise the terms of their loans or reduce the use of our marketplace for financing, and our reputation and market share would be materially and adversely affected, which would severely impact our business and results of operations.

We have obligations to verify information relating to borrowers and detecting fraud. If we fail to perform such obligations to meet the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, we may be subject to liabilities. Our reputation may be harmed if information supplied by borrowers is inaccurate, misleading or incomplete.

Our business of connecting investors and borrowers constitutes an intermediary service, and our contracts with investors and/or borrowers are intermediation contracts under the PRC Contract Law. Under the PRC Contract Law, an intermediary that intentionally conceals any material information or provides false information in connection with the conclusion of an intermediation contract, which results in harm to the client’s interests may not claim any service fee for its intermediary services, and is liable for any damage incurred by the client. Therefore, if we fail to provide material information to investors and are found to be at fault, for failure or deemed failure to exercise proper care, to conduct adequate information verification or supervision, we could be subject to liabilities as an intermediary under the PRC Contract Law. Furthermore, if we fail to complete our obligations under the agreements with institutional funding partners and borrowers, we could also be held liable for damages caused to borrowers or institutional funding partners pursuant to the PRC Contract Law. In addition, the Interim Measures have imposed on online lending information intermediaries, including us, additional obligations to verify the truthfulness of the information provided by or in relation to loan applicants and to actively detect fraud. We leverage a large database of fraudulent account information and sophisticated rule-based detection technology to detect fraudulent behaviors, we update our database on a monthly basis based on new data collected and fraudulent behavior detected during the ordinary course of our business operations. As the Interim Measures are relatively new, it is still unclear to what extent online lending information intermediaries should exercise care in detecting fraud. Although we believe that as an information intermediary, we should not bear the credit risk for investors as long as we take reasonable measures to detect fraudulent behavior, we cannot assure you that we would not be subject to liability under the Interim Measures if we fail to detect any fraudulent behavior. Any such liability could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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We do not impose restrictions on the use of our loans or prohibit our borrowers from incurring other debt or impose financial covenants on borrowers during the term of the loan, which will increase the risk of non-payment on our loans.

We are faced with the risk that borrowers borrow money from our marketplace to pay off loans on other individual finance marketplaces. Subject to credit assessment result, borrowers may take out new loans on our marketplace to pay off their other existing loans facilitated by others. We also do not prohibit our borrowers from incurring additional indebtedness, which may impair the borrower’s ability to observe his or her payment obligations on the loan product we facilitated and therefore adversely affect the relevant investor’s returns. Although we take certain measures to monitor our borrowers’ credit records and indebtedness, we may not be able to effectively prevent the occurrence of such behavior given the practical difficulty in tracking and controlling the usage of borrowed funds and the financial activities of our borrowers.

If a borrower becomes insolvent or otherwise run into financial distress, any unsecured loan (including those obtained through our marketplace) will rank pari passu to each other and the borrower may cherry-pick among his or her creditors and our investor may suffer losses. For secured loans, the ability of other secured investors to exercise remedies against the assets of the borrower may impair the borrower’s ability to repay the loan to our investor. Investors may lose their confidence in us and our reputation and business may be adversely affected.

Fraudulent activity on our marketplace could negatively impact our operating results, brand and reputation and cause the use of our loan products and services to decrease.

We are subject to the risk of fraudulent activity both on our marketplace and associated with borrowers, investors and third parties handling borrower and investor information. Our resources, technologies and fraud detection tools may be insufficient to accurately detect and prevent fraud. Significant increases in fraudulent activity could negatively impact our brand and reputation, result in losses suffered by the investors, reduce the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace and lead us to take additional steps to reduce fraud risk, which could increase our costs and expenses. High profile fraudulent activity could even lead to regulatory intervention and litigation, and may divert our management’s attention and cause us to incur additional expenses and costs. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our risk management system comprising of our policy framework, credit assessment and fraud detection technology and modules may not be adequate, which may adversely affect the reliability of our marketplace, and in turn damage our reputation, business and results of operations.

The success of our online marketplace relies heavily on our ability to detect, assess and control credit risk, and therefore to prevent fraud. Despite measures we take to assess and manage risk, the information and data we collect may not be sufficient to allow us to adequately capture a borrower applicant’s credit risk. Such information and data include, among others, demographic information, credit history with us and with other financial institutions, and employment information and blacklists maintained by other forums and organizations. We constantly update and optimize our risk management system but the system may have loopholes or defects which may prevent us from effectively identifying risks, or the data provided may be inaccurate or stale or insufficient, such that we may misjudge the risk and misalign the risk profile and loan price. The information may also not be sufficient for prediction of future non-payment. Such risks and errors may erode investor confidence in our marketplace and therefore harm our reputation and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Interim period results can vary significantly due to a host of variables and may not accurately reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our interim period results of operations, including operating revenue, expenses, the number of loans and other key performance indicators, may fluctuate significantly such that comparisons of our operating results period-on-period may not be meaningful. Results of any interim period cannot accurately indicate future performance. Fluctuations may be due to any number of variables, including some beyond our control, such as:

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Fluctuations in our interim period results may affect the price of our ADSs in an adverse manner.

We incurred net losses in the past and may incur net losses in the future. Furthermore, we experienced net cash outflows in the past and may experience liquidity pressure in the future.

We had net losses in the past. For example, in the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded net loss of RMB44.0 million. We had accumulated deficits of RMB2,259.2 million, RMB2,047.5 million and RMB1,519.7 million (US$218.3 million) as of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Although we had net income of RMB539.5 million, RMB611.8 million and RMB527.2 million (US$75.7 million) in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to generate net income in the future.

Furthermore, we experienced net cash outflows from operating activities in 2018 of RMB228.4 million. Although we recorded net cash inflows from operating activities in 2019 of RMB26.3 million (US$3.8 million), we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to grow our revenue and operating cash inflows. We generate a substantial majority of our total revenues from service fees we collect from borrowers. Any material decrease in our service fees would have a substantial impact on our profit margin and liquidity status. We may also experience an increase in our operating cash outflows as we anticipate that our operating cost and expenses may increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to grow our business, attract investors and borrowers and further enhance and develop our products, enhance our risk management capabilities and increase brand recognition. These efforts may prove more costly than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. There are other factors that could negatively affect our financial condition. For example, the delinquency rates of the loans facilitated may be higher than expected, which may lead to lower than expected revenue, additional expenses and higher provision for assets and liabilities from the investor assurance program. Furthermore, we have adopted share incentive plans in the past and may adopt new share incentive plans in the future, which have caused, and will result in, significant share-based compensation expenses to us, which will decrease our income. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, our net income margins may decline or we may incur additional net losses in the future and may not be able to maintain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Furthermore, our liquidity status may deteriorate. In addition, our ability to satisfy our liquidity and capital needs may be affected by additional factors and events that affects the individual finance industry, as well as other macroeconomic and socio-political factors that increase our cash needs making us face continuing or greater liquidity pressure.

We rely on third party guarantors to provide our investor assurance programs.

In April 2018, we began to partner with an independent third party guarantor to provide investor assurance programs for newly facilitated loans. In July 2018, we had another third party guarantor. Borrowers pay a certain post-origination service fee to such third party guarantor managing the respective investor assurance program, which will be deposited in the respective investor assurance program. Investments made by individual investors on those loans are protected by the respective investor protection program to the extent of the existing balance of the funds within such investor assurance program. The service fee rate for such loans is agreed upon by us and the third party guarantors. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Investor Assurance Programs—Investor Assurance Program Managed by an Independent Third Party Guarantor.”

In 2019, 100% of loans between individual investors and borrowers facilitated by us were covered by the investor assurance program managed by third party guarantors. However, we may not be able to secure collaboration with third party guarantors sufficient to cover our investment volume on reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all in the future. Furthermore, we may fail to adequately estimate the performance of loans under such investor assurance programs managed by third party guarantors and determine the service fee rates accurately, and the investor assurance programs may not be able to repay investors covered by such programs. If the investor assurance programs managed by third party guarantor were depleted or otherwise fail to repay investors in case of borrower default, our business, investor base, financial condition, results of operation and reputation could be material and adversely affected.

In addition, we cannot rule out the possibility that our third party guarantors might be deemed as providing a form of guarantee. In accordance with the Regulation on the Supervision and Administration of Financing Guarantee Companies, the regulatory authority may ban any person from conducting financing guarantee business without prior approval. If our third party guarantors are deemed to be conducting financing guarantee business under the new investor assurance program, the regulatory authority may order our third party guarantor to cease business operation, which would materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations under these investor assurance programs.

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Investor assurance program managed by third-party providers was determined based on both objective and subjective factors and might not be adequate to absorb loan losses if we failed to accurately forecast the expected loss.

We face the risk that borrowers fail to repay their principals and service fees in full. The service fee rate charged from borrowers in relation to the investor assurance program was determined based on both objective and subjective factors. We regularly reviewed the borrower’s risk profile, actual loss rate of each loan product facilitated and relevant economic factors to ensure the estimations are kept up-to-date. Consequently, the service fee rate charged from borrowers in relation to investor assurance program were updated regularly to ensure that the total collectible service fees related to the investor assurance program, including both upfront and subsequent collections, are based on the estimated fair value of the probability of loss at loan inception. Actual losses are difficult to forecast, especially if such losses stem from factors beyond our historical experience.

Furthermore, our products, borrower base and credit assessment capabilities evolved from time to time, and we may not be able to accurately forecast delinquencies of our current target borrower base. Given these challenges, it is possible that our investor assurance program managed by third party providers might be under-funded, compared to the prevailing market practice. If our investor assurance programs were under-funded, investors on our platform might suffer losses of investment or lower-than-expected investment return, which could result in negative investor sentiment among investors who are not repaid in full or at all, potentially hindering our ability to retain existing investors as well as to attract new investors. Should any of the foregoing occur, our competitive position, as well our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our failure to compete effectively could adversely affect our results of operations and market share.

Online individual finance market is an emerging industry in China. It provides a new means for consumers to obtain financing and for investors to seek new investment opportunities. As a leading player among China’s online individual finance marketplaces, we face fierce competition from other online marketplaces, other online finance service providers as well as traditional financial institutions. Individual finance marketplaces which operate online platforms connecting investors and borrowers compete directly with us for both investors and borrowers. In addition, for borrowers, we compete with other online platforms. We also compete with traditional financial institutions, including credit card issuers, individual finance business units in commercial banks and other individual finance companies.

Our competitors operate with different business models, have different cost structures or participate selectively in different market segments. They may ultimately prove more successful or more adaptable to new regulatory, technological and other developments. Some of our current and potential competitors have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their platforms. Our competitors may also have more extensive borrower or investor bases, greater brand recognition and brand loyalty and broader partner relationships than us. Additionally, a current or potential competitor may acquire one or more of our existing competitors or form a strategic alliance with one or more of our competitors. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future growth.

In addition, our competitors may be better at developing new products, responding faster to new technologies and undertaking more extensive marketing campaigns. When new competitors seek to enter our target market, or when existing market participants seek to increase their market share, they sometimes undercut the pricing and/or terms prevalent in that market, which could adversely affect our market share or ability to exploit new market opportunities. Also, since the online individual finance industry in China is relatively new and fast evolving, potential investors and borrowers may not fully understand how our platform works and may not be able to fully appreciate the additional customer protections and features that we have invested in and adopted on our platform as compared to others. Our pricing and terms could deteriorate if we fail to act to meet these competitive challenges. Furthermore, to the extent that our competitors are able to offer more attractive terms to our business partners, such business partners may choose to terminate their relationships with us. If we are unable to compete with such companies and meet the need for innovation in our industry, the demand for our marketplace could stagnate or substantially decline, we could experience reduced revenues and our marketplace could fail to achieve or maintain more widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business and results of operations.

If we fail to promote and maintain our brand in a cost-efficient way, our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of our brand effectively is critical to attracting new and retaining existing investors and borrowers to our marketplace. This depends largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and the success of the channels we use to promote our marketplace. If any of our current marketing channels become less effective, if we are unable to continue to use any of these channels, or if the cost of using these channels were to significantly increase or if we are not successful in generating new channels, we may not be able to attract new investors and borrowers in a cost-effective manner or convert potential investors and borrowers into active investors and borrowers on our marketplace.

Our efforts to build our brand have caused us to incur significant expenses, and it is likely that our future marketing efforts will require us to incur significant additional expenses. The costs of any such advertising campaign is likely to be considerable. These efforts may not result in increased revenues in the immediate future or at all and, even if they do, any increases in revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand while incurring substantial expenses, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, which may impair our ability to grow our business.

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We operate in a market where the credit infrastructure is still at an early stage of development.

China’s credit infrastructure is still at an early stage of development. The nationwide financial basic credit reporting system operated by the Credit Reference Center, which was established by the People’s Bank of China in 2006, only records limited credit information, such as tax payments, civil lawsuits, foreclosure and bankruptcy. Moreover, this credit database is accessible to data owners themselves and data users who have obtained written authorization from the data owners. In 2015, the People’s Bank of China announced that it would open the credit reporting market to private sectors with a view to spurring competition and innovation, but it may be a long-term process to establish a widely- applicable, reliable and sophisticated credit infrastructure in the market we operate.

Our current level of fee rates may decline in the future.

We generate revenues primarily from fees charged for our services in matching investors with individual borrowers and for other services we provide over the life of a loan. We generally collect service fees from our borrowers, and on limited occasions from our individual investors for our automated investment program services and for loan transfers over our secondary market. These fee rates may be affected by our product mix, the macroeconomic factors as well as the competition in the online individual finance industry. We may be unable to offer attractive service fee rates while driving the growth and profitability of our business. Furthermore, our competitors may lower their fee rates in an effort to lure investors and borrowers away from us. If we reduce our fee rates in order to compete more effectively, the profitability of our business could be adversely affected. If we do not reduce our rates, investors and borrowers may leave our marketplace, and the total service fees we collect may decline. Any material decline in our fee rates or the fees we collect could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this annual report. While we have provided different incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. There have been departures of our senior management members in the past and we cannot assure you that our existing senior management members will not terminate their employment with us in the future. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, although we have entered into confidentiality and non-competition agreements with our management, there is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between our current or former officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or Internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide products and services on our marketplace.

Our business could also be adversely affected by the effects of coronavirus, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, or other epidemics. Our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees is suspected of having coronavirus, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, SARS or other epidemic, since it could require our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. For example, the outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus, COVID-19, first reported in December 2019, has spread rapidly throughout China and other parts of the world. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a “pandemic” on March 11, 2020. The global outbreak has caused market panics, which materially and negatively affected the global financial markets. Such disruption and the potential slowdown of China’s and the world’s economy could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In particular, we, our institutional funding partners and third party collection agencies have experienced business disruptions due to quarantine measures to contain the spread of this outbreak.

Our headquarters are located in Shanghai, where most of our directors and management and a large majority of our employees currently reside. In addition, most of our system hardware and back-up systems are hosted in leased facilities located in Shanghai. Consequently, if any of the abovementioned natural disasters, health epidemics or other outbreaks were to occur in Shanghai or other locations where we operate in, our operation may experience material disruptions, such as temporary closure of our offices and suspension of services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business operation could also be disrupted if any of our employees are suspected of having contracted any contagious disease or condition, since it could require our employees to be quarantined or our offices to be closed down and disinfected. All of these would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition in the near terms. Additionally, if the outbreak persists or escalates, we may be subject to further negative impact on our business operations and financial condition.

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Misconduct, errors and failure to function by our employees and third-party service providers could harm our business and reputation.

We are exposed to many types of operational risks, including the risk of misconduct and errors by our employees and third-party service providers. Our business depends on our employees and third-party service providers to interact with potential investors and borrowers, process large numbers of transactions and support the loan collection process, all of which involve the use and disclosure of personal information. We could be materially adversely affected if transactions were redirected, misappropriated or otherwise improperly executed, if personal information was disclosed to unintended recipients or if an operational breakdown or failure in the processing of transactions occurred, whether as a result of human error, purposeful sabotage or fraudulent manipulation of our operations or systems. In addition, the manner in which we store and use certain personal information and interact with investors and borrowers through our marketplace is governed by various PRC laws. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct or errors by employees or third-party service providers, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses. If any of our employees or third-party service providers take, convert or misuse funds, documents or data or fail to follow protocol when interacting with investors and borrowers, we could be liable for damages and be subject to regulatory actions and penalties. We could also be perceived to have facilitated or participated in the illegal misappropriation of funds, documents or data, or the failure to follow protocol, and therefore be subject to civil or criminal liability. In addition to our own collecting team, we also use certain third-party service providers for loan collection services. Aggressive practices or misconduct by any of our third-party service providers in the course of collecting loans could damage our reputation.

Cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of us or of a third-party, including events beyond our control, could result in disclosure or misuse of confidential information and misappropriation of funds of our investors and borrowers, subject us to liabilities, reduce the attractiveness of our marketplace and cause reputational harm and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Our platform collects, stores and processes certain personal and other sensitive data from our investors and borrowers. The massive data that we have processed and stored makes us or third-party service providers who host our servers a target and potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions. While we have taken steps to protect the confidential information that we have access to, our security measures could be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform could cause confidential borrower and investor information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. As personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulations in numerous domestic and international jurisdictions, any inability to protect confidential information of our investors and borrowers could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business.

We also face indirect technology, cybersecurity and operational risks relating to the third parties whom we work with to facilitate or enable our business activities, including, among others, third-party online payment service providers who manage accounts for certain borrower and investor funds and external cloud service provider. As a result of increasing consolidation and interdependence of technology systems, a technology failure, cyber-attack or other information or security breach that significantly compromises the systems of one entity could have a material impact on its counterparties. Any cyber-attack, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of such third-party payment service providers could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to serve our users, and could even result in misappropriation of funds of our investors and borrowers. If that were to occur, both we and third-party payment service providers could be held liable to investors and borrowers who suffer losses from the misappropriation.

Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of the information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. If security measures are breached because of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, or if design flaws in our technology infrastructure are exposed and exploited, our relationships with investors and borrowers could be severely damaged, we could incur significant liability and our business and operations could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to protect the confidential information of our users and adapt to the relevant regulatory framework regarding protection of such information, our business and operations may be adversely affected.

The PRC government authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations on the protection of personal information, under which Internet service providers and other network operators are required to comply with the principles of legality, justification and necessity, to clearly indicate the purposes, methods and scope of any information collection and usage, and to obtain the consent of users, as well as to establish a user information protection system with appropriate remedial measures. We have obtained written consent from our users to use their personal information within the scope of authorization and we have taken technical measures to ensure the security of such personal information and to prevent any loss or divergence of personal information from. However, there is uncertainty as to the interpretation and application of such laws. If such laws or regulations are to be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our current policies and practices, changes to the features of our system may be required and additional costs may be incurred. We cannot assure you that our existing user information protection system and technical measures will be considered sufficient under applicable laws and regulations. If we are unable to address any information protection concerns, or to comply with the then applicable laws and regulations, we may incur additional costs and liability and our reputation, business and operations might be adversely affected. See ‘‘Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Internet Companies—Regulations on Privacy Protection’’ for more details.

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On June 1, 2017, the Cyber Security Law of the PRC became effective. The law requires network products and services providers as we are, among other things, to strictly preserve the secrecy of user information they collect and to store within mainland China data that is gathered or produced by such network products and services provider in the country. If we are deemed to have violated the law, potential penalties include, depending on the nature of violation, forced shut down of our websites, revocation of business licenses, freezing of assets, and fines imposed on the company ranging from approximately RMB10,000 to RMB1 million or management personnel ranging from approximately RMB5,000 to RMB1 million.

Due to the relatively new nature of the Cyber Security Law of the PRC and the lack of clarity in the statutory law itself as to the circumstances and standard under which the law should apply and violations may be found, there are great uncertainties as to the interpretation and application of the law.

The law’s vagueness in its own statutory language also indicates that the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, the designated government enforcement agency, will have broad latitude to direct how the law is interpreted and enforced, thus creating greater uncertainties with regard to the interpretation and application of the law since the government enforcement agency has yet to provide further guidance on the enforcement mechanism of the law. If we are found to have violated the Cyber Security Law of the PRC in a government enforcement action, we may face severe penalties that may result in monetary losses, losses of access to assets essential for daily operation of our business or for the continuance of service provision, and temporary or total disruption of our business for an extended period of time. In addition, the finding of a violation of the Cyber Security Law of the PRC, even if later repealed, may cause damages to our reputation and our brand name, causing users to lose confidence in our service and to refrain from choosing or continuing to use our products and services. All of these consequences may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, the stringent reporting obligation imposed by the Cyber Security Law of the PRC itself, without a finding of violation, may have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. As we are obligated by the law to inform our users of any security flaw or vulnerability as they are discovered, users may become wary of the existence or frequency of such reports and lose confidence in the security of our system, and thus may be discouraged from choosing or continuing to use our products and services, even if the security flaws or vulnerabilities are readily fixable and can be easily overcome.

Any failure by our third-party service providers or institutional funding partners to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations could damage our reputation.

Currently, we rely on our third-party service providers, in particular payment companies that handle the transfer of funds between borrowers and lenders, to have their own appropriate anti-money laundering policies and procedures. For institutional funding partners, they generally transfer the funds to borrowers directly. The payment companies and our institutional funding partners are subject to anti-money laundering obligations under applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and are regulated in that respect by the People’s Bank of China. If any of our third-party service providers or institutional funding partners fails to comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, our reputation could suffer and we could become subject to regulatory intervention, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the Interim Measures have imposed on us the obligation of anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing. While we are in the process of formulating policies and procedures, including internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, aimed at preventing money laundering and terrorism financing, we cannot assure you that we will be able to establish and maintain effective anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing policies and procedures to protect our marketplace from being exploited for money laundering or terrorism financing purposes or that such policies and procedures, if adopted, will be deemed to be in compliance with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations, including the Interim Measures.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

We are a public company in the United State subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. Among other things, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, adopted rules requiring every public company, including us, to include a management report on the company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. We are required to include such report in our annual report on Form 20-F starting from the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company,” as such term is defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (as amended by the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act of 2015), or the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm may be required to attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal controls as of December 31, 2019. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal controls, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

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One material weakness relates to lack of sufficient accounting staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC reporting experience related to the accounting and reporting of complex transactions. The other material weakness relates to our lack of formal risk assessment process and internal control framework over financial reporting, including (i) our lack of a formal group-wide risk assessment process to identify, assess, address or mitigate the risks identified, and internal control over financial reporting framework to maintain effective internal controls within the organization, which may increase risk of error, fraud, misstatement of financial reporting, or non-compliance with related regulations for a U.S. listed group, and (ii) our lack of an internal audit department and a qualified compliance team to monitor the risk and processes of the company. For instance, in 2018, we determined that our historical accounting policy on the charge-off of contract assets and accounts receivable was not in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Historically, we charged off contract assets and accounts receivable when the underlying loan contract had been mature for 90 days. We have subsequently corrected this error, and revised our charge-off policy to write off contract assets and accounts receivable if any repayment of the underlying loan contract is past due for 90 days for loans between individual investors and borrowers facilitated by us. This error was caused by the material weakness identified, specifically the lack of sufficient accounting personnel with U.S. GAAP knowledge and SEC financial reporting requirements, and lack of accounting policies and procedures relating to financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”

In response to the identified material weaknesses, we have implemented the following measures to address the material weaknesses that have been identified, including (i) establishing an audit committee, (ii) participating in trainings and seminars provided by professional services firms on a regular basis, and (iii) providing internal training to our current accounting team on U.S. GAAP knowledge. We are also in the process of implementing the following measures, including (i) hiring a new reporting officer and an additional senior financial reporting manager with experience in U.S. GAAP accounting and SEC reporting to lead accounting and financial reporting matters, (ii) setting up a systematic accounting manual for U.S. GAAP and financial closing process, (iii) hiring internal auditors and perform self-assessment of internal control effectiveness on a continuous basis, and (iv) engaging professional service companies to help implement SOX 404 compliance together with the establishment of internal audit function.

Although we have begun to implement measures to address the material weaknesses, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remedied. In the future we may determine that we have additional material weaknesses, or our independent registered public accounting firm may disagree with our management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls. Our failure to correct the material weaknesses and control deficiencies or our failure to discover and address any other material weaknesses or control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs, may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting significantly hinders our ability to prevent fraud.

Furthermore, it is possible that, had our independent registered public accounting firm conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, such accountant might have identified additional material weaknesses and deficiencies. As we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, we are required to include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, as a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

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Borrower growth and activity on mobile devices depend upon effective use of mobile operating system, networks and standards, which we do not control.

Our loan products are mostly offered through mobile apps. As new mobile devices and platforms are released, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in developing applications for these new devices and platforms, and we may need to devote significant resources to the development, support and maintenance of such applications. In addition, our future growth and our results of operations could suffer if we experience difficulties in the future in integrating our loan products into mobile devices or if problems arise with our relationships with providers of mobile operating systems or mobile app stores, or if we face increased costs to distribute or have users utilize our loan products on mobile devices. We are further dependent on the interoperability of providing our loan products on popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as iOS and Android, and any changes in such systems that degrade the accessibility of our loan products or give preferential treatment to competing products could adversely affect the usability of our loan products on mobile devices. In the event that it is more difficult for our users to access and utilize our loan products on their mobile devices, or if our users choose not to access or utilize our loan products on their mobile devices or to use mobile operating systems that do not offer access to our loan products, our user growth could be harmed and our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.

Our operations depend on the performance of the Internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China.

Almost all access to the Internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. We primarily rely on a limited number of telecommunication service providers to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines and Internet data centers to host our servers. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s Internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our marketplace. We cannot assure you that the Internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in Internet usage.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and Internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, if Internet access fees or other charges to Internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed.

Our platform and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical, and if it contains undetected errors, our business could be adversely affected.

Our platform and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our platform and internal systems depend on the ability of such software to store, retrieve, process and manage immense amounts of data. In particular, we open credit assessment platforms to these expert consultants, where they have access to a limited amount of desensitized, grouped and tagged borrower data, based on which they use such data to develop their own credit assessment models. The software on which we rely may have contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetected errors or bugs. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors or other design defects within the software on which we rely may result in a negative experience for investors and borrowers using our platform, delay introductions of new features or enhancements, result in errors or compromise our ability to protect borrower or investor data or our intellectual property. Any errors, bugs or defects discovered in the software on which we rely could result in harm to our reputation, loss of borrowers or investors or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview— Intellectual Property.” Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. In addition, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all.

It is often difficult to maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in China, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits. As the date of this annual report, the applications for certain trademarks filed by us are still pending. If we are unable to complete these registrations, we may not be able to prohibit unauthorized use or prevent other infringements of these trademarks. In addition, certain of the trademarks we use for the daily operation or promotion of our business have already been registered by independent third parties outside of our control, and such trademarks are currently subject to administrative or legal proceedings. In the event that these administrative and legal proceedings are resolved adversely to us, we may be prohibited from using such trademarks and subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Additionally, the application and interpretation of China’s intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We may be held liable for information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our mobile applications, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In addition to our website, we also offer individual finance products through our mobile applications, which are regulated by the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services, or the app Provisions, promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, on June 28, 2016 and effective on August 1, 2016. According to the app Provisions, the providers of mobile applications shall not create, copy, publish or distribute information and content that is prohibited by laws and regulations. We have implemented internal control procedures screening the information and content on our mobile applications to ensure their compliance with the app Provisions. However, we cannot assure that all the information or content displayed on, retrieved from or linked to our mobile applications complies with the requirements of the app Provisions at all times. If our mobile applications were found to be violating the app Provisions, we may be subject to administrative penalties, including warning, service suspension or removal of our mobile applications from the relevant mobile application store, which may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We may from time to time be subject to claims, controversies, lawsuits and legal proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and reputation.

We may from time to time become subject to or involved in various claims, controversies, lawsuits, and legal proceedings. Claims, lawsuits, and litigations are subject to inherent uncertainties, and we are uncertain whether the foregoing claim would develop into a lawsuit. Lawsuits and litigations may cause us to incur defense costs, utilize a significant portion of our resources and divert management’s attention from our day-to-day operations, any of which could harm our business. Any settlements or judgments against us could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, negative publicity regarding claims or judgments made against us may damage our reputation and may result in a material adverse impact on us.

From time to time we may evaluate and potentially consummate strategic investments or acquisitions, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business and adversely affect our financial results.

We may evaluate and consider strategic investments, combinations, acquisitions or alliances to further increase the value of our marketplace and better match investors and borrowers. These transactions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations if consummated. If we are able to identify an appropriate business opportunity, we may not be able to successfully consummate the transaction and, even if we do consummate such a transaction, we may be unable to obtain the benefits or avoid the difficulties and risks of such transaction.

Strategic investments or acquisitions will involve risks commonly encountered in business relationships, including:

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We have made certain investments and acquisitions during the past year, including setting up a joint venture company with local partners in Vietnam to expand our overseas business and conducting business combination with Geerong Yun to support the growth of our institutional funding sources and strengthen our big data analytics and fintech R&D. Also, we have entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire certain equity interest in Keen Best Investments Limited (“Keen Best”), which principally engaged in internet microcredit business in the PRC. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions.” However, our investments and acquisitions may not be successful, may not benefit our business strategy, may not generate sufficient revenues to offset the associated acquisition costs or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits. In addition, we cannot assure you that any future investment in or acquisition of new businesses or technology will lead to the successful development of new or enhanced loan products and services or that any new or enhanced loan products and services, if developed, will achieve market acceptance or prove to be profitable.

Competition for employees is intense, and we may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business.

We believe our success depends on the efforts and talent of our employees, including risk management, software engineering, financial and marketing personnel. Our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for highly skilled technical, risk management and financial personnel is extremely intense. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment.

In addition, we invest significant time and expenses in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training new employees, and the quality of our services and our ability to match investors and borrowers could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The economy in China has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to continue to increase. In addition, we are required by PRC laws and regulations to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless we are able to control our labor costs or pass on these increased labor costs to our users by increasing the fees of our services, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Loss of or failure to maintain relationships with our business partners may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We currently work with a number of business partners in various aspects of our business. Pursuing, establishing and maintaining relationships with business partners require significant time and resources as does integrating third-party data and services with our system. Our current agreements with partners generally do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or from offering competing services. Our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to our partners to favor their products or services, which may in turn reduce the volume of loans facilitated through our marketplace. Certain types of partners may devote more resources to support their own competing businesses. In addition, these partners may not perform as expected under our agreements with them, and we may have disagreements or disputes with them, which could adversely affect our brand and reputation. If we cannot successfully enter into and maintain effective relationships with business partners, our business will be harmed.

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We do not have any business insurance coverage.

Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to obtain additional capital on favorable terms or at all.

We anticipate that our current cash, cash provided by operating activities and funds available through our current and anticipated bank loans and credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our current and anticipated needs for general corporate purposes. However, we need to make continued investments in facilities, hardware, software, technological systems and to retain talents to remain competitive. Due to the unpredictable nature of the capital markets and our industry, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, if and when required, especially if we experience disappointing operating results. If adequate capital is not available to us as required, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our infrastructure or respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we do raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted. These newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders.

Some aspects of our digital operations include open source software, and any failure to comply with the terms of one or more of these open source licenses could negatively affect our business.

Some aspects of our digital operations include software covered by open source licenses. The terms of various open source licenses have not been interpreted by PRC courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our online and mobile-based channels. If portions of our proprietary software are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies if required so by the license, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our technologies and loan products. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with use of open source software cannot be eliminated, and could adversely affect our business.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law of the PRC and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, which became effective on January 1, 2020 and replaced three existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures , the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures , together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. However, since it is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. For example, the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC adds a catch-all clause to the definition of “foreign investment” so that foreign investment, by its definition, includes “investments made by foreign investors in China through other means defined by other laws or administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council” without further elaboration on the meaning of “other means”. It leaves leeway for the future legislations promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. On December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the Implementation Regulations, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. However, the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law still remains silent on whether contractual arrangements should be deemed as a form of foreign investment. It is therefore uncertain whether our corporate structure will be seen as violating the foreign investment rules as we are currently leveraging the contractual arrangement to operate certain businesses in which foreign investors are prohibited from or restricted from investing. Furthermore, if future legislations prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangement, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to take appropriate and timely measures to comply with any of these or similar regulatory compliance requirements, our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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If the PRC government deems that the Contractual Arrangements in relation to Jiayin Finance do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Foreign investors are generally not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunication service provider (except e-commerce, domestic multi-party communication, storage and forwarding and call center) and major foreign investor must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record in accordance with the Special Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment promulgated on June 30, 2019, which became effective on July 30, 2019, and other applicable laws and regulations.

We are a Cayman Islands company and our subsidiaries in the PRC, or PRC subsidiaries, are considered foreign invested enterprises. We believe the online individual finance services offered through our online marketplace constitute a type of value-added telecommunication services that foreign ownership and investment is restricted and therefore we should operate our online marketplace through a consolidated VIE, Jiayin Finance, to ensure compliance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations. We set up a series of Contractual Arrangements entered into among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance to conduct our operations in China. For a detailed description of these Contractual Arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the Shareholders of Jiayin Finance.” As a result of these Contractual Arrangements, we exert control over Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries and consolidate their operating results in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Niwodai Internet has been operating our online individual finance marketplace business, including, among others, operations of our www.niwodai.com website and our apps since its incorporation. Niwodai Internet had made applications for value-added telecommunication business license with the relevant local telecommunication regulatory authority before the Interim Measures was promulgated. Due to the lack of detailed rules regulating the online individual finance service and clarification of the nature of this innovative business model, the local telecommunication regulatory authority had tentatively put our applications on hold.

After the Interim Measures came into force, based on our communications with local telecommunication regulatory authorities, online individual finance information intermediaries such as us should apply for value-added telecommunication business license. However, according to the Interim Measures, an online individual finance information intermediary may initiate its application for value-added telecommunication business license only after it completes the required filing with local financial regulatory authority. We are not able to make the necessary filing or apply for the value-added telecommunication business license before completion of filing with local financial regulatory authority.

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, our current ownership structure, the ownership structure of Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and the Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance are not in violation of existing PRC laws, regulations and rules; and these Contractual Arrangements are valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect. However, King & Wood Mallesons has also advised us that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws, rules and regulations and there can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our online lending information services and Internet related value-added business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the aforesaid business we engage in, we could be subject to severe penalties including being prohibited from continuing operations.

It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws, regulations or rules relating to the “variable interest entity” structure, or the VIE structure, will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If the ownership structure, Contractual Arrangements and business of our company, our subsidiaries, Jiayin Finance or its subsidiaries are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including levying fines, confiscating our income or the income of Jiayin Finance or its subsidiaries, revoking the business licenses or operating licenses of Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance or its subsidiaries, shutting down our servers or blocking our online marketplace, discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations, requiring us to undergo a costly and disruptive restructuring, restricting or prohibiting our use of proceeds from our initial public offering to finance our business and operations in China, and taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and/or our failure to receive economic benefits from Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, we may not be able to consolidate their results into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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We rely on Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance for a significant portion of our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on Contractual Arrangements with our consolidated VIE, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance, to operate our online individual finance marketplace business, including, among others, the operation of www.niwodai.com and our apps, as well as certain other complementary businesses. For a description of these Contractual Arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the Shareholders of Jiayin Finance.” These Contractual Arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our consolidated VIE. For example, Jiayin Finance, or shareholders of Jiayin Finance may fail to fulfill their contractual obligations with us, such as failure to maintain our website and use the domain names and trademarks in a manner as stipulated in the Contractual Arrangements, or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.

If we had direct ownership of our consolidated VIE, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of consolidated VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current Contractual Arrangements, we rely on the performance by Jiayin Finance, shareholders of Jiayin Finance of their obligations under the Contractual Arrangements to exercise control over our consolidated VIE. Our consolidated VIE and its shareholders may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate our business through the Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance. If any of Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance is uncooperative or any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC laws and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings, the outcome of which will be subject to uncertainties. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by Jiayin Finance or shareholders of Jiayin Finance to perform their obligations under our Contractual Arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.” Therefore, our Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be.

Any failure by Jiayin Finance or shareholders of Jiayin Finance to perform their obligations under our Contractual Arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have entered into a series of Contractual Arrangements with Jiayin Finance, our consolidated VIE and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance. For a description of these Contractual Arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure .” If our consolidated VIE or the shareholders of Jiayin Finance fail to perform their respective obligations under the Contractual Arrangements, we may incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC laws, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you that it will be effective under PRC laws. For example, if the shareholders of Jiayin Finance were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in Jiayin Finance to us or our designee when we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these Contractual Arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our Contractual Arrangements are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these Contractual Arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how Contractual Arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC laws, rulings by arbitrators are final and parties cannot appeal arbitration results in court unless such rulings are revoked or determined unenforceable by a competent court. If the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event that we are unable to enforce these Contractual Arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these Contractual Arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to us.”

The shareholders of our consolidated VIE may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The equity interests of our consolidated VIE are held by their respective shareholders. Their interests may differ from the interests of our company as a whole. These shareholders may breach, or cause our consolidated VIE to breach, the existing Contractual Arrangements we have with them and our consolidated VIE, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to effectively control our consolidated VIE and subsidiaries of our consolidated VIE, and receive economic benefits from them. For example, the shareholders of Jiayin Finance may be able to cause our agreements with Jiayin Finance to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the Contractual Arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

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Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our call option under the exclusive call option agreement with shareholders of Jiayin Finance to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in Jiayin Finance to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by PRC laws. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of our consolidated VIE, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in the disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Contractual Arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or consolidated VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. The PRC enterprise income tax law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its related parties to the relevant tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s length principles. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the Contractual Arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIE were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, regulations and rules, and adjust the income of Jiayin Finance in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by Jiayin Finance for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities without reducing tax expenses of Shanghai KunJia. In addition, if Shanghai KunJia requests the shareholders of Jiayin Finance to transfer their equity interests in Jiayin Finance at nominal or no value pursuant to these Contractual Arrangements, such transfer could be viewed as a gift and subject Shanghai KunJia to PRC income tax. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on Jiayin Finance for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if Jiayin Finance’s tax liabilities increase or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by Jiayin Finance and Niwodai Internet that are material to the operation of our business if the entity goes bankrupt or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

Jiayin Finance and Niwodai Internet hold certain assets that are material to the operation of our business, including, among others, intellectual properties, hardware and software. We also expect Niwodai Internet to apply for, obtain and hold our value-added telecommunication business license for our online individual finance marketplace business. Under the Contractual Arrangements, Jiayin Finance and Niwodai Internet may not, and the shareholders of Jiayin Finance may not cause them to, in any manner, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their assets or their legal or beneficial interests in the business without our prior consent. However, in the event Jiayin Finance’s shareholders breach these Contractual Arrangements and voluntarily liquidate Jiayin Finance or Niwodai Internet, or Jiayin Finance or Niwodai Internet declares bankruptcy and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, or access the risk reserve fund, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If Jiayin Finance or Niwodai Internet undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, independent third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Substantially all of our operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole.

The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

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While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate increases, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, and since 2012, the Chinese economy has slowed down. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

A downturn in the Chinese or global economy could reduce the demand for consumer loans and investments, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The global financial markets have experienced significant disruptions between 2008 and 2009 and the United States, Europe and other economies have experienced periods of recessions. The recovery from the economic downturns of 2008 and 2009 has been uneven and is facing new challenges, including the announcement of Brexit which creates additional global economic uncertainty and the slowdown of the Chinese economy since 2012. It is unclear whether the Chinese economic growth will resume its high growth rate. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have also been concerns over unrest in the Middle East and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in financial and other markets. There have also been concerns about the economic effect of the tensions in the relationship between China and surrounding Asian countries. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may reduce the demand for consumer loans and investments and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protections available to us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

In particular, PRC laws and regulations concerning the online individual finance industry are developing and evolving. Although we have taken measures to comply with the laws and regulations that are applicable to our business operations, including the regulatory principles raised by the CBIRC, and avoid conducting any non-compliant activities under the applicable laws and regulations, such as illegal fund-raising, forming capital pool or providing guarantee to investors, the PRC government authority may promulgate new laws and regulations regulating the online individual finance industry in the future. We cannot assure you that our practice would not be deemed to violate any new PRC laws or regulations relating to online individual finance. Moreover, developments in the online individual finance industry may lead to changes in PRC laws, regulations and policies or in the interpretation and application of existing laws, regulations and policies that may limit or restrict online individual finance marketplaces like us, which could materially and adversely affect our business and operations.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC regulation of Internet-related businesses and companies, and any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The PRC government extensively regulates the Internet industry, including foreign ownership of, and the licensing and permit requirements pertaining to, companies in the Internet industry. These Internet-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainties. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations.

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We only have contractual control over our website. We do not directly own the website due to the restriction of foreign investment in businesses providing value-added telecommunication services in China, including Internet information provision services. This may significantly disrupt our business, subject us to sanctions, compromise enforceability of related contractual arrangements, or have other harmful effects on us.

The evolving PRC regulatory system for the Internet industry may lead to the establishment of new regulatory agencies. For example, in May 2011, the State Council announced the establishment of a new department, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, (with the involvement of the State Council Information Office, the MIIT, and the Ministry of Public Security). The primary role of this new agency is to facilitate the policy-making and legislative development in this field, to direct and coordinate with the relevant departments in connection with online content administration and to deal with cross-ministry regulatory matters in relation to the Internet industry.

Our online marketplace, operated by Niwodai Internet, may be deemed to be providing commercial Internet information services, which would require Niwodai Internet to obtain certain value-added telecommunications business license. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Internet Companies—Regulations on Value-Added Telecommunication Services.” Furthermore, it is uncertain if Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries will be required to obtain a separate operating license with respect to our mobile applications in addition to the value-added telecommunications business license.

The interpretation and application of existing PRC laws, regulations and policies and possible new laws, regulations or policies relating to the Internet industry have created substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of existing and future foreign investments in, and the businesses and activities of, Internet businesses in China, including our business. We cannot assure you that we have obtained all the permits or licenses required for conducting our business in China or will be able to maintain our existing licenses or obtain new ones. If the PRC government considers that we were operating without the proper approvals, licenses or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals or licenses or imposes additional restrictions on the operation of any part of our business, it has the power, among other things, to levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, and require us to discontinue our relevant business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions by the PRC government may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company, and we rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require our PRC subsidiaries to adjust its taxable income under the Contractual Arrangements it currently has in place with Jiayin Finance and its shareholders and Niwodai Internet in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Contractual Arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or consolidated VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.”

Under the Company Law of the PRC, our PRC subsidiaries, as wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China, may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated after-tax profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our subsidiary, our consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entity in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. Furthermore, each of our subsidiary, and our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at their discretion. Our PRC subsidiary will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

In response to the persistent capital outflow and RMB’s depreciation against U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, have implemented a series of capital control measures over recent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. For instance, the People’s Bank of China issued the Circular on Further Clarification of Relevant Matters Relating to Offshore RMB Loans Provided by Domestic Enterprises, or the PBOC Circular 306, on November 26, 2016, which provides that offshore RMB loans provided by a domestic enterprise to offshore enterprises that it holds equity interests in shall not exceed 30% of such equity interests. The PBOC Circular 306 may constrain our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to provide offshore loans to us. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subjected to tighter scrutiny in the future. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”

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PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System, or FICMIS, and registration with other governmental authorities in China. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE, or its local branches, and (b) each of our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the difference between its registered capital and its total investment amount as recorded in FICMIS. Any medium or long term loan to be provided by us to a VIE of our company must be recorded and registered by the National Development and Reform Committee and the SAFE or its local branches. We may not complete such recording or registrations on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such recording or registration, our ability to use the foreign currency we hold, including the proceeds of our initial public offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In 2008, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, which used to regulate the conversion by foreign-invested enterprises of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting the usage of converted Renminbi. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 took effect as of June 1, 2015 and superseded SAFE Circular 142 on the same date. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises and allows foreign-invested enterprises to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditures beyond their business scopes. On June 9, 2016, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange, or SAFE Circular 16. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 continue to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using RMB fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, investment and financing (except for security investment or guarantee products issued by bank), providing loans to non-affiliated enterprises or constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer to and use in China any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from our initial public offering, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the price of our ADSs.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the Renminbi to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar, though there have been periods when the Renminbi has depreciated against the U.S. dollar. In particular, on August 11, 2015, the Renminbi depreciated by approximately 2% against the U.S. dollar. Since then and until the end of 2016, the Renminbi depreciated against the U.S. dollar by approximately 10%. During 2017, the Renminbi appreciated by approximately 7% against the U.S. dollar. Since 2018, the Renminbi has been depreciating against the U.S. dollar. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the RMB has depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. This depreciation halted in 2017, and the RMB appreciated approximately 7% against the U.S. dollar during this one-year period. Since February 2018, the RMB has depreciated significantly, over 8% against the U.S. dollar. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

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Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all.

In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our net revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our net revenues in RMB. Under our current corporate structure, our company in the Cayman Islands relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Therefore, our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from SAFE, subject to the condition that the remittance of such dividends outside of the PRC complies with certain procedures under PRC foreign exchange regulation, such as the overseas investment registrations by the beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents. But approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies.

In light of the flood of capital outflows of China in 2016 due to the weakening RMB, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement. More restrictions and substantial vetting process are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing provident funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where we operate our businesses. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. Companies are required to make payments to the employee benefit plans for its employees in accordance with the percentages stipulated under relevant regulations and are required to withhold the amounts that are required to be contributed by employees. Companies operating in China are also required to withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries based on the actual salary of each employee upon payment.

Prior to March 2018, we failed to make adequate employee benefit plan payments or employee individual income tax withholdings. We have recorded accruals for estimated underpaid amounts in our financial statements accordingly. As of the date of the annual report, we have not received any notification from the relevant PRC authorities alleging that we have not made adequate payments and demanding payment of the same. We also are not aware of any employee’s complaint or demand for payment of the same, nor have we received any notification from labor arbitration tribunals or the PRC courts regarding disputes with respect to social welfare and housing provident fund contributions. Remitting such underpaid amounts involves conditions on the implementation level, including, for instance, varying levels of acceptance by our employees of the employee benefit plans, some of which are beyond our control. In accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations, we may be required to settle such underpaid amounts of employee benefit payments or employee withholding individual income tax payments on our own before a stipulated deadline, which would adversely affect our liquidity status. Furthermore, we may also be subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid amounts. For instance, we may be subject to a late fee of 0.05% or 0.2%, depending on the circumstances, of the amount of overdue social insurance payments per day and a fine ranging from one to three times of the overdue amount. In addition, we may be subject to a fine in relation to the overdue employee withholding payments ranging from 50% to three times of the overdue amount. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits or withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the MOC shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOC that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the MOC, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOC or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law.

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to PRC Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC residents or entities, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under Circular 37.

SAFE Circular 37 is issued to replace the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Mr. Dinggui Yan, Mr. Guanglin Zhang and Mr. Yuanle Wu, who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents have completed the foreign exchange registrations in accordance with SAFE Circular 37.

However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with the requirements of SAFE Circular 37. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE Circular 37. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE Circular 37, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

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Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in stock incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose vehicles. In the meantime, our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens, subject to limited exceptions, and who have been granted stock options by us, may follow the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company, promulgated by the SAFE in 2012, or 2012 SAFE Notices. Pursuant to the 2012 SAFE Notices, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of no less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted stock options are subject to these regulations. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Employee Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company.”

The State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, has issued certain circulars concerning employee stock options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise stock options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee stock options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Employee Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company.”

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the SAT issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the senior executives and core management departments in charge of the day-to-day operations have their presence mainly in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. See “Item 10. Additional Information— E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations.” However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” As substantially all of our management members are based in China, it remains unclear how the tax residency rule will apply to our case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Jiayin Group Inc. or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, then Jiayin Group Inc. or such subsidiary could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on its world- wide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Furthermore, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, dividends we pay on, and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of, our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty), if deemed to be from PRC sources. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

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We may not be able to obtain certain benefits under relevant tax treaty on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary.

We are a holding company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands and as such rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries to satisfy part of our liquidity requirements. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a withholding tax rate of 10% currently applies to dividends paid by a PRC “resident enterprise” to a foreign enterprise investor, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for preferential tax treatment. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, and Circular 81 issued by the SAT, such withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if the PRC enterprise is at least 25% held by a Hong Kong enterprise for at least 12 consecutive months prior to distribution of the dividends and is determined by the relevant PRC tax authority to have satisfied other conditions and requirements under the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement and other applicable PRC laws. Furthermore, under the Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-resident Taxpayers’ Enjoyment of Treaty Benefits, which became effective in January 2020, the non-resident enterprises shall determine whether they are qualified to enjoy the preferential tax treatment under the tax treaties and file the Information Reporting Form for Non-resident Taxpayers Claiming Treaty Benefits. The non-resident enterprises shall directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate when performing tax filings and collet and retain relevant supporting documents, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. See “Item 10. Additional Information— E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations.” We cannot assure you that our determination regarding our qualification to enjoy the preferential tax treatment will not be challenged by the relevant PRC tax authority or we will be able to complete the necessary filings with the relevant PRC tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by our PRC subsidiaries to Geerong (HK) Limited (formerly known as “Jiayin (HK) Limited”), our Hong Kong subsidiary.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

According to the Bulletin of the SAT on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7, promulgated by the SAT in February 2015, if a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by transfer of the equity interests of an offshore holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market) without a reasonable commercial purpose, the PRC tax authorities have the power to reassess the nature of the transaction and the indirect equity transfer will be treated as a direct transfer. As a result, the gain derived from such transfer, which means the equity transfer price minus the cost of equity, will be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. Under the terms of SAT Bulletin 7, a transfer which meets all of the following circumstances shall be directly deemed as having no reasonable commercial purposes: (i) over 75% of the value of the equity interests of the offshore holding company are directly or indirectly derived from PRC taxable properties; (ii) at any time during the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the total properties of the offshore holding company are investments within PRC territory, or in the year before the indirect transfer, over 90% of the offshore holding company’s revenue is directly or indirectly derived from PRC territory; (iii) the function performed and risks assumed by the offshore holding company are insufficient to substantiate its corporate existence; or (iv) the foreign income tax imposed on the indirect transfer is lower than the PRC tax imposed on the direct transfer of the PRC taxable properties. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations Relating to Tax.”

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company and our non-PRC resident investors may be subject to filing obligations or taxed or subject to withholding obligations in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7. See “Item 10. Additional Information— E. Taxation—People’s Republic of China Tax Considerations.” For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The audit report included in this annual report is prepared by an auditor who is not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, our investors are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in our annual report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is subject to laws of the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Because our auditors are located in the PRC, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors are not currently inspected by the PCAOB. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. However, it remains unclear what further actions the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

In May 2013, the PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by the PCAOB, the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. The PCAOB continued to be in discussions with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

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On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenged faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight or financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. However, it remains unclear what further actions, if any, the SEC and the PCAOB will take to address the problem.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China’s, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of Congress that would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which the PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (EQUITABLE) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for such issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from national securities exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange of issuers included for three consecutive years on the SEC’s list. Enactment of this legislation or other efforts to increase US regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our ADSs could be adversely affected. It is unclear if this proposed legislation would be enacted. Furthermore, there has been recent media reports on deliberation were to materialize, the resulting legislation may have material and adverse impact on the stock performance of China-based issuers listed in the United States.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against five PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011 the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and PRC law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under PRC law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepts that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms will receive matching Section 106 requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, as appropriate, an automatic six-month bar on a single firm’s performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding against a firm, or in extreme cases the resumption of the current proceeding against all four firms.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from Nasdaq Stock Market, or Nasdaq, or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

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Risks Relating to our American Depositary Shares

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile.

The trading prices of our ADSs are likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed Internet or other companies based in China that have listed their securities in the United States in recent years. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in their trading prices. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings, including Internet and e-commerce companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009, the second half of 2011 and the first quarter of 2020, which may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of our ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiary, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value in the future or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

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Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. As of March 31, 2020, we had 100,100,000 Class A ordinary shares and 116,000,000 Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding. Among these Class A ordinary shares, 16,100,000 Class A ordinary shares are represented by ADS. All our ADSs are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares issued and outstanding will be available for sale subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our ADSs could decline.

Certain holders of our ordinary shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the 180-day lock-up period in connection with our initial public offering. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs.

As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary, as the holder of the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will endeavor to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with your instructions in the event voting is by poll, and in accordance with instructions received from a majority of holders of ADSs who provide instructions in the event voting is by show of hands. The depositary will not join in demanding a vote by poll. You will not be able to directly exercise any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders for convening a general meeting is seven calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to enable you to withdraw the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting to allow you to attend the general meeting or to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution which is to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, the depositary will, if we request, and subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, endeavor to notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying shares which are represented by your ADSs, and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying shares are not voted as you requested.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that holders and beneficial owners of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including in respect of claims under federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court. However, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a court of the State of New York or a federal court, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement, applying such law. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute), none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of the federal securities laws. If you or any other holder or beneficial owner of ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with such matters, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.

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Except in limited circumstances, the depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not instruct the depositary how to vote such shares, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for our ADSs, the depositary will give us (or our nominee) a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if you do not give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, unless:

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that, if you fail to give voting instructions to the depositary as to how to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at any particular shareholders’ meeting, you cannot prevent our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted at that meeting, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence our management. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement and the deposit agreement may be amended or terminated without your consent.

Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted by you in a state or federal court in the City of New York, and you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding instituted by any person. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended. See “Item 12. Description Of Securities Other Than Equity Securities.”

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make such rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings.

You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our Class A ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties.

In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

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Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, a majority of our directors and executive officers reside within China, and most of the assets of these persons are located within China. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these individuals, or to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of Cayman Islands and of the PRC may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

There is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), a judgment obtained in such jurisdiction will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is final,(d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty, and (e) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands.

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of reciprocity with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our director and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law and we conduct the majority of our operations in China and all of our directors and officers reside outside the United States.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of Cayman Islands and the common law of Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors owed to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of Cayman Islands. The common law of Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

In addition, as a company primarily operating in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles for U.S. authorities to obtaining information needed for investigations or litigations. Similar limitations apply to the pursuit of actions against individuals, including officers, directors and individual gatekeepers, who may have engaged in fraud or other wrongdoing. Moreover, local authorities often are constrained in their ability to assist U.S. authorities and overseas investors more generally. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and material relating to securities business activities to overseas parties.

As a result, our public shareholders and holders of our ADSs may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management, our directors or our major shareholders and limited remedies than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

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Our dual-class share structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

We have a dual-class share structure such that our ordinary shares consists of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares with disparate voting powers. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to ten votes, voting together as one class. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. As of March 31, 2020, Mr. Dinggui Yan, the beneficial owner of our Class B ordinary shares, beneficially owned 92.1% of the aggregate voting power of our company. As a result, Mr. Dinggui Yan will have considerable influence over matters such as electing directors and approving material mergers, acquisitions or other business combination transactions. Upon any direct or indirect sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of Class B ordinary share by a shareholder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, or the direct or indirect transfer or assignment of the voting power attached to such number of Class B ordinary shares through voting proxy or otherwise to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares. The concentrated control associated with our dual-class share structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could also discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions, which could have the effect of depriving the holders of our Class A ordinary shares and the ADSs of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price.

The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.

S&P Dow Jones and FTSE Russell have changed their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including a provision that grants authority to our board of directors to establish and issue from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders and ADS holders of the opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

Certain existing shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders.

As of March 31, 2020, Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, beneficially owned approximately 92.1% of the total voting power of our Company. As a result, he has substantial influence over our business, including significant corporate actions such as mergers, consolidations, sales of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions.

Mr. Yan may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of the ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders. In addition, the significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of the ADSs due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. In addition, this concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could also discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions, which could have the effect of depriving the holders of our ordinary shares and our ADSs of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price. For more information regarding our principal shareholders and their affiliated entities, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

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We have granted, and may continue to grant, share incentive awards, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

Jiayin Finance first adopted our 2016 Share Incentive Plan in September 2016, which allowed Jiayin Finance to grant share-based compensation awards to our founders, employees and officers to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. We account for compensation costs for all share options using a fair-value based method and recognize expenses in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In February 2019, we adopted a new share incentive plan, or the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, which became effective after the completion of our initial public offering in May 2019. As of December 31, 2019, all the outstanding options granted under the 2016 Share Incentive Plan had been cancelled or replaced with options granted under the 2019 Share Incentive Plan and we had granted options to purchase 22,795,832 Class A ordinary shares pursuant to the 2019 Share Incentive Plan. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans.”

We believe the granting of share incentive awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain employees, and we will continue to grant share incentive awards to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are an emerging growth company and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we are an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth PRC Subsidiary does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be offered the same protections or information that would be made available to you if you were investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As an exempted company incorporated in Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. We currently follow and intent to continue to follow our home country practice in lieu of certain requirements of the Rule 5600 Series of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules, including:

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We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and, as a result, can rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules since Mr. Dinggui Yan beneficially owns more than 50% of our total voting power. For so long as we remain a controlled company under this definition, we are also permitted to elect to rely on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

If we are a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes, United States holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares could be subject to adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

We will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of our gross income for such year is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of our assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether we are a PFIC for that year. Based on the market price of our ADSs, the value of our assets and the composition of our income and assets, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ended December 31, 2019, although there can be no assurances in this regard. Moreover, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we cannot assure you that the United States Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, will not take a contrary position to any determination we make.

Changes in the composition of our income or composition of our assets may cause us to be or become a PFIC. The determination of whether we will be a PFIC for any taxable year may depend in part upon the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles not reflected on our balance sheet (which may depend upon the market price of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares from time to time, which may fluctuate significantly) and also may be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets and the cash we generate from our operations and raise in any offering. In estimating the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we have taken into account our market capitalization. Among other matters, if our market capitalization declines, we may be or become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because our liquid assets and cash (which are for this purpose considered assets that produce passive income) may then represent a greater percentage of our overall assets. Further, while we believe our classification methodology and valuation approach are reasonable, it is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification or valuation of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, which may result in our being or becoming a PFIC for the current taxable year or one or more future taxable years.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a United States person holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to such United States person, including burdensome reporting requirements. Prospective investors who are United States holders are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to our company. See “Item 10. Additional Information— E. Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

As a U.S. public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we have not incurred as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in gross annual revenue for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. However, we have elected to “opt out” of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards as required when they are adopted for public companies. This decision to opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

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In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. Mr. Dinggui Yan, our founder, director and chief executive officer, commenced an individual finance marketplace in 2011 through several entities controlled by him in China. In June 2015, Mr. Dinggui Yan acquired Shanghai Jiayin Finance Technology Co., Ltd., or Jiayin Finance, a shell company previously known as Furen Technology Limited and listed on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations Co., Ltd., or the NEEQ.

In September 2015, Shanghai Niwodai Internet Finance Information Services Co., Ltd., or Niwodai Internet, was established as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jiayin Finance to develop our online individual finance marketplace business. Mr. Dinggui Yan launched Shanghai Caiyin Asset Management Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Caiyin, in September 2015. We entered into a collaboration agreement with Shanghai Caiyin in 2015 to engage Shanghai Caiyin to provide post-origination loan management services and manage our investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018. In December 2015, Shanghai Caiyin also acquired the servicing rights and obligations of all outstanding loan contracts facilitated by Shanghai Niwodai Financial Information Services Co., Ltd., or Niwodai Finance, which operated our founder’s individual finance marketplace at that time, as well as the obligation to continue to provide guarantee on those loans. Niwodai Finance subsequently ceased to operate the individual financing business. We launched our online individual financing marketplace in December 2015.

In December 2017, we incorporated Jiayin Group Inc. under the laws of the Cayman Islands as our offshore holding company, and in January 2018, we established a wholly-owned subsidiary in the British Virgin Islands, Jiayin Holdings Limited, and a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, Jiayin (HK) Limited, as our intermediate holding companies, to facilitate our initial public offering in the United States. Jiayin Finance was delisted from NEEQ in April 2018.

In June 2018, we incorporated Shanghai KunJia Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai KunJia, as a wholly-foreign owned entity in China. As a result of the restructuring in 2018, we hold equity interest in Shanghai KunJia through our current offshore structure. At the same time, Shanghai KunJia entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Jiayin Finance and its shareholders, among which several agreements were terminated and simultaneously replaced by a series of contractual arrangements with substantially same terms in October 2018 for the purpose of registering pledges of equity interest in Jiayin Finance with the government authority. As a result of these contractual arrangements, or the Contractual Arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

On May 10, 2019, our ADSs commenced trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol “ JFIN”. We raised a total of approximately US$35.0 million in net proceeds from the initial public offering, after the underwriter’s full exercise of their option to purchase additional ADSs, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions as well as other estimated offering expenses.

In September 2019, we disposed of Shanghai Caiyin, a consolidated affiliated entity. On September 16, 2019, Shanghai Niwodai Internet Finance Information Service Co., Ltd., a consolidated affiliated entity of our Company, entered into an agreement with Shenzhen Rongxinbao Non-Financial Guarantee Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen Rongxinbao”), an independent third-party guarantee company, and Shanghai Jiayin Finance Services Co., Ltd (“Shanghai Jiayin”), a company controlled by Mr. Dinggui Yan, the founder, director and chief executive officer of our Company, which wholly owns the equity interest of Shanghai Caiyin, pursuant to which Shanghai Jiayin agreed to transfer all of its equity interest in Shanghai Caiyin to Shenzhen Rongxinbao. After the disposal, Shanghai Caiyin continues to provide services for loans under the investor assurance program it managed.

In September 2019, we conducted a business combination with Geerong Yun, an innovative fintech-driven platform connecting financial institutions. Prior to the combination, Geerong Yun and our Company were under the common control of Mr. Dinggui Yan, the founder, director and chief executive officer of our Company. After the combination, Geerong Yun became a wholly-owned subsidiary of our Company. The combination is intended to support the growth of our institutional funding sources, as well as to strengthen our big data analytics and fintech R&D.

In March 2020, our wholly owned subsidiary Geerong (HK) Limited and another independent purchaser entered into a share purchase agreement with China Smartpay Group Holdings Limited (“China Smartpay”), a Hong Kong listed company, to acquire 35% equity interest in Keen Best, a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Smartpay, incorporated in the British Virgin Islands holding 100% equity interests in certain PRC entities engaging in microcredit business.

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Our principal executive offices are located at 26th Floor, Building No. 1, Youyou Century Plaza, 428 South Yanggao Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200122, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86 21-6082-8732. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 10 East 40th Street, 10th Floor, New York NY, 10016.

We are a leading online individual finance marketplace in China. The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. We are committed to facilitating effective, transparent, secure and fast connections between investors and borrowers, whose needs are underserved by traditional financial institutions. Our marketplace, empowered by highly automated process and technologies, provides a streamlined user experience.

We strategically focus on facilitating mid-to long-term consumer loans with an average term of 12 months, as we believe such loan products are best positioned to generate attractive returns for our investors, and at the same time, capture the financing needs of quality borrowers. With a highly scalable capital-light business model, we have been able to grow our marketplace and reinforce our strengths through network effects.

Our marketplace appeals to high-quality investors by offering convenient and fast access to various investment opportunities with attractive returns. Our loan products featuring monthly principal and interest repayment provide investors with attractive liquidity. Our investors exhibit high levels of stickiness to our marketplace, and tend to invest increasing amounts of funds on our marketplace over time. In 2019, the average investment amount of our investors was approximately RMB113,775 (US$16,343), while the average investment amount of repeat investors reached approximately RMB130,387 (US$18,729). The total investment volume facilitated by us from individual investors was RMB22.2 billion (US$3.2 billion) in 2019, 97.6% of which was contributed by repeat investors who had successfully invested on our marketplace before. In 2019, 94.6% of our investors invested in our Youdaozhitou automated investment programs, which automatically match investors and borrowers and reinvest investment proceeds in accordance with investors’ preferred investment period and loan duration. In addition, we have established a vibrant secondary loan market on our marketplace where investors can transfer their loan assets to other investors. Our ability to match loan terms and investment periods effectively offers our investors flexible options to exit their investments. Our borrowers are typically creditworthy individuals with stable salary income and/or credit history but underserved by traditional financial institutions. We primarily utilize diverse online borrower acquisition channels including online advertising channels such as websites, search engines, app stores as well as online partnerships with online traffic marketplaces which have access to quality borrowers. Our online average borrower acquisition cost per new borrower was RMB208.1 (US$29.9) in 2019, representing 2.5% of the average loan principal borrowed by our borrowers in 2019. We offer online standard loan products with fixed terms and repayment schedules generally ranging from RMB2,500 to RMB30,000 via the Niwodai borrower app and our website.

We operate a highly secure and open platform with a proprietary and effective risk assessment model and a comprehensive risk management system. We build our risk assessment model based on our first-hand and proprietary user and transaction data generated from our loan process as well as multiple layers of background and behavioral data from more than ten third-party sources. Our model employs advanced big data analytics and sophisticated algorithms to accurately assess the risk profiles of potential borrowers. We have also established reliable systematic risk management procedures. To supplement our risk management efforts, we also selectively collaborate with expert consultants with strong credit assessment capabilities to help us further screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify creditworthy potential borrowers based on desensitized user data.

We generate revenues primarily from fees charged for our services in matching investors and borrowers and for other services we provide over the term of a loan. We generally collect service fees from our borrowers, and on limited occasions from our investors for our automated investment program services and for loan transfers over our secondary market. From the third quarter of 2019, we started to expand our investor base to institutional funding partners, including banks, trusts and microcredit companies. We charge service fees for the facilitation of loan transactions between borrowers and institutional funding partners. As an online finance marketplace, we do not use our own capital to invest in loans facilitated through our marketplace.

Our Users

Borrowers

We target the large and growing number of creditworthy individual borrowers in China who are underserved by traditional financial institutions and receptive to online finance solutions. Our borrowers typically belong to the young urban working class with stable salary and/or credit history.

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From the launch of our business through December 31, 2019, we had successfully facilitated loan transactions for over 8.4 million borrowers. The number of our borrowers grew by 10.8 times from approximately 0.2 million in 2016 to approximately 2.3 million in 2019. We strategically target the young generation and cultivate their loyalty on our marketplace, aiming to capture the vast growth opportunities as our borrowers enter into different stages of their lives and qualify for higher credit limits. In 2019, 78.2% of our borrowers were between 20 and 35 years of age.

Investors

Our target investors are mainly individuals living in major cities in China. We seek to attract individual investors and provide them with attractive alternative investment opportunities. Our individual investors increased from 272,591 in 2017 to 331,713 in 2018 and the investment volume provided by individual investors increased from RMB21,769 million in 2017 to RMB26,783 million in 2018. In 2019, our individual investors decreased to 194,918 and the investment volume provided by individual investors decreased to RMB22,177 million (US$3,186 million), primarily due to our efforts in respond to the new government policy set forth in Circular 1 requiring online lending intermediaries to reduce their number of investors, business volume and number of borrowers.

From the third quarter of 2019, we started to expand our investor base to institutional funding partners, including banks, trusts and microcredit companies. In 2019, we had seven institutional funding partners and they invested an aggregate investment volume of RMB0.8 billion (US$0.1 billion), representing 3.7% of the total investment volume facilitated by us in 2019. We expect these institutional funding partners to provide stable funding to borrowers on our marketplace, which will allow us to increase our loan origination volume and generate more revenue. We will further develop our cooperation with institutional funding partners in 2020.

Our investors exhibit high level of stickiness to our marketplace, and tend to invest increasing amounts of funds over time. Out of the total investment volume facilitated through our marketplace from individual investors in 2017, 2018 and 2019, 92.0%, 96.8% and 97.6%, respectively, was attributable to repeat investors who had successfully invested through our marketplace before. In addition, 57.6%, 79.6% and 85.2% of our investors in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, were repeat investors. The average investment amount of our repeat investors reached approximately RMB130,387 (US$18,729) in 2019, while the average investment amount of all of our individual investors was approximately RMB113,775 (US$16,343) in 2019.

Our Products and Services

Loan Products Offered to Borrowers

We offer primarily standard loan products, which are all unsecured consumer loans to our borrowers. Currently, we only offer online standard products. All of the loans facilitated through our marketplace feature fixed interest rates. To provide a transparent marketplace, interest rates, service fees and other charges are all clearly disclosed to borrowers upfront.

Online standard loan products

We currently offer standard loan products with a term of 12 months. The APR for our online standard loan products is typically 36%. We offer online standard loan products to borrowers we engaged online or through offline-to-online channels. We strategically design our products to target borrowers with different types of available credentials and therefore different credit limits varying from RMB1,000 to RMB50,000. Previously, we offered three types of online standard loans with different type of available credentials and different credit limits as follows and we began to offer Jiafudai in 2019, which covers all the credit limits range and credentials requirements of Jiaka, Jiaying and Miaola.

Offline loan products

We offered various offline products prior to February 2018 in the process of optimizing the mix of our loan products. We facilitated our offline loan products mainly to borrowers referred to us by our related party, Jiayin (Shanghai) Finance Information Service Co., Ltd. (“Jiayin (Shanghai)”), from its offline sales network. Certain of such offline products were also standard loans. Our offline standard loan products required similar credentials to our online standard loan products. We offered offline standard loan products ranging from RMB13,600 to RMB200,000 with a term ranging from 12 to 36 months. We also offered certain non-standard offline products on a trial basis. As of December 31, 2019, most of these offline loan products had been fully repaid.

Investment Services Offered to Individual Investors

We assist investors on our marketplace to allocate their assets into different consumer loan products through our Niwodai investor app. Investors may either use the self-discretionary investing tool or deploy our automated investment programs we offer to allocate and manage their investments.

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Self-discretionary Investing Tool

Investors may directly invest in loans listed on our marketplace based on loan characteristics and borrower profiles. We provide a set of filters to help investors choose among thousands of loans on our marketplace. An investor can quickly identify specific loans based on screening criteria, such as interest rate, term, loan amount, borrower profile and the borrowing history of the borrower on our marketplace. The minimum threshold for an investing commitment made through our self-discretionary investing tool is RMB50 (US$7.3). Upon subscription to a specific loan, an investor agrees to lend a certain amount of funds to the borrower until maturity of the loan and the investor is not able to demand repayment or otherwise withdraw the investment during the term of the loan. Funds will be transferred from the investor’s account with our custodian bank, or the custody account, to the borrower once the loan is subscribed. Investors may liquidate their investment in the loan prior to its maturity by transferring their rights in the loan to another investor through our secondary loan market. See “—Secondary Loan Market.” Otherwise, upon maturity, the investment amount and interest will be deposited into the investor’s account. We do not charge any fees for the use of our self-discretionary investing tool. In 2019, approximately 7.0% of the total investment amount on our marketplace was invested using our self-discretionary investing tool.

Automated Investment Program

We offer automated investment programs through our Youdaozhitou service (有道智投), which allow our investors to enjoy attractive returns of various loan products available on our marketplace in an efficient manner. The automated investment programs are tailor-made for varied duration and investment goals through various program offerings. By opting for such investment programs, investors authorize us to make investments and when necessary transfer their creditors’ rights on their behalf to other investors on our marketplace. Upon the commitment of investments, investors deposit funds into their custody accounts and will be locked during the subscription period. During the subscription period, no investment returns will be generated. We automatically select loans with the same or similar duration and risk profile into our automated investment programs and our system automatically matches investments in the investment program to loans in accordance with investment timeline and duration of the loans, and at the same time, diversifies concentration risk and minimize liquidity risk as much as possible. Upon the expiration of the subscription period, an investor’s committed fund will automatically be invested by our system into one or multiple loans on our marketplace which will have the same aggregate principal amount as the investment amount. The loans will also have a weighted-average interest rate that is usually higher than the quoted expected rate of return of the investment program. Upon repayment of a loan within the investment period, the fund will be automatically reinvested according to investors’ prior authorization.

We strive to match investments with loans of the same duration at the time of the investment, however, in certain circumstances, we may fail to do so. As we historically offered offline loan products with a weighted average term of more than 30 months, these long-term offline loans were and will be matched with investments of shorter duration until the remaining term of such loans equals or become shorter than the investments on our marketplace. In addition, in view of the financing needs of our borrowers and investment appetite of our investors, we design our automated investment programs and determine the respective amounts of the automated investment programs of different investing periods to be offered to investors, based on approved loan applications to be funded and loans underlying outstanding automated investment programs which will be transferred. We incentivize investors to invest in the automated investment programs particularly in need of funding by adjusting the expected rate of return and providing vouchers and cash coupons to investors who invest in such automated investment programs. Despite our efforts, we may fail to estimate the amount of loans and investments in each of our automated investment programs, which will lead to potential duration mismatch between the loans and the investment programs. Further, as our automated investment programs reinvest the amount repaid by borrowers, the remaining term of such investment program is usually shorter than the loan products we offer. Upon maturity of the investing period, the automated investment program transfers the outstanding loans invested by such program on the secondary loan market, and repay investors principal and interest upon successful transfer of all loans invested by such automated investment program. During the investing period, investors are not allowed to withdraw their funds from the investment program with fixed investing periods. Investors are also not allowed to transfer their investment on the secondary market during the first period of the investment program immediately after its subscription period, or the close period, which ranges from one to three months. Depending on different investment programs, the minimum investment amount into the automated investment programs ranges from RMB50 to RMB5,000. The expected return of such investment programs is generally between 5.0% to 11.0%, taking into account promotional campaigns we initiate from time to time. We charged an average service fee for the automated investment programs of approximately 1.1% of the investment return in 2019. Upon the expiration of the investment period, our system automatically disburses the principal and the return of the investment, net of the service fee to the investor’s account with our custodian bank.

Set forth below is a summary of our major automated investment programs:

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In 2017, 2018 and 2019, the average amount invested by each investor through our automated investment programs was RMB70,577, RMB78,130 and RMB112,340 (US$16,137), respectively. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, the average annualized rate of return of such investments was 9.2%, 9.5% and 9.5%, respectively.

In July 2018, we started to provide a Class B investment program to certain investors with higher risk tolerance in exchange for higher earnings. Such investment program is available to repeat investors on an invitation-only basis. We gradually terminated the Class B investment program in 2019. See “—Investor Assurance Programs—Investor Assurance Program by Partnering with Class B Investors.”

Secondary Loan Market

We have established a secondary loan market on our marketplace to provide flexible options for exiting investments. Loans held by investors for no less than 30 days and with principal balances of no less than RMB50 (US$7.3) may be posted on our marketplace for transfer once certain other conditions are met. Investments in our automated investment programs may also be transferred on the secondary loan market upon the expiration of the close period. When an investor elects to transfer his or her investment in the automated investment program, all loans under such investment will be posted on the secondary market at the same time. Our automated investment program may also automatically initiate transfers to optimize the matching of durations of the loans and investments. See “—Automated Investment Program.” We expect such transfers initiated by automated investment program to decrease as the historical long term loans wind down. In 2019, 5.9% of the volume of the loans transferred on the secondary loan market was initiated by our investors, and 94.1% of the volume of loans transferred on the secondary loan market was initiated automatically. Once a loan is available on the secondary market, our system automatically matches the loan with automated investment programs, and loans not matched with automated investment programs will be posted for investors’ selection.

To facilitate the loan transfer, our system automatically generates a transfer price, which equals the sum of outstanding principal amount and accumulated return. Upon a successful transfer, the transferor will be charged a transfer service fee at a rate of 3% of the transfer price. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, the total transfer service fee we charged was approximately RMB0.7 million, RMB1.5 million and RMB1.9 million, respectively. Investors may withdraw the offers to transfer at any time before such offers are accepted by transferees. Once an offer to transfer is accepted by a transferee, our system will automatically instruct the custodian bank to debit the transferee’s account of the amount of the transfer price and credit the transferor’s account for the transfer price minus the transfer service fees, which will be paid to us, and the transferee will become the creditor of the transferred loan at the same time. If the transfer fails to be completed within 48 hours after a loan is posted, the post will be automatically taken off our secondary loan market and investors may elect to transfer again at any time.

Although a successful transfer is not guaranteed, substantially all of the loans listed on our secondary market was successfully transferred within one day in 2017, 2018 and 2019. In 2019, more than 99.9% of the loans was successfully transferred on the first attempt during such periods. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, the total investment volume on our secondary loan market was RMB14.9 billion, RMB24.0 billion and RMB25.0 billion (US$3.6 billion), respectively, equals to approximately 97.2%, 101.2% and 136.9% of our loan origination volume, respectively, which does not include the investment volume on our secondary loan market, in the respective periods.

Investment Services Offered to Institutional Funding Partners

From the third quarter of 2019, we started to expand our investor base of individuals to institutional funding partners, including banks, trusts and microcredit companies.

We introduce borrowers to our institutional funding partners and provide preliminary risk assessment services as well as other services to them. The service arrangement between our institutional funding partners and us varies depending on the type of institutional funding partners. For institutional funding partners with a license to extend loans, such as banks, online microcredit companies, they typically extend loans with their own funds directly to the borrowers introduced by us. In 2019, we had seven institutional funding partners and they invested an aggregate investment volume of RMB0.8 billion (US$0.1 billion), representing 3.7% of the total investment volume facilitated by us in 2019.

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Borrower and Investor Acquisition and Retention

Borrower Acquisition and Retention

We utilize various online channels to attract individual borrowers to our marketplace. Our online channels primarily include:

Such expenses are recorded as sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The borrower acquisition cost per new borrower was RMB129, RMB172 and RMB208 in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. The borrower acquisition cost per new borrower increased from 2018 to 2019 primarily due to the general increase in advertising cost in the whole market.

Investor Acquisition and Retention

We advertise our brand and investment services on search engines, app stores and third-party portal websites. We also engage in various branding initiatives such as advertising our Niwodai brand on TV shows and sports games, to enhance our brand awareness. In addition, we believe reputation and word-of-mouth drive continued organic growth in our investor base. Such expenses are recorded as sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

We conduct a variety of promotional campaigns to attract investors, including referral rewards, log-in rewards, vouchers and cash coupons. We sometimes launch promotional campaigns where investors can enjoy a higher expected annualized rate of return if the investment is made within the campaign period to attract new investors and to enhance investor retention and loyalty. We also send text message reminders to existing investors to notify them of our campaigns and available coupons. These promotional campaigns are recorded as incentives to investors in a form that either reduces the amount of investment required to purchase financial products or entitles them to receive higher interest rates in the products they purchase, which are accounted for as a reduction of revenue.

We provided a higher amount of incentives to repeat investors than new investors because our repeat investors contributed to a larger investment volume than new investors. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, repeat investors contributed to 92.0%, 96.8% and 97.6% of the total investment volume from individual investors of RMB21.8 billion, RMB26.8 billion and RMB22.2 billion (US$3.2 billion), respectively. In order to attract more new investors, we have paid higher incentives to new investors than repeat investors for the same investment amount.

The amount of incentives and sales and marketing expenses we incurred in connection with each investment volume of RMB1 million for individual investors in the periods indicated are set forth below.

Set forth below is our investor acquisition cost per individual investor, including sales and marketing expenses and incentives provided to them for the periods indicated:

Our individual investor acquisition cost for both new and repeat investors kept increasing from 2017 to 2019 both on a per investment volume and a per investor basis, which was in line with the increased costs for attracting investors and funding in the industry.

Our Marketplace and Transaction Processes

We provide a streamlined and smooth user experience for investors and borrowers. The process on our mobile apps and website is designed to be simple, seamless and efficient while our marketplace leverages sophisticated, proprietary technologies to make it possible.

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Transaction Process for Individual Investors

Transaction Process for Institutional Funding Partners

Transaction Process for Individual Investors

Application

After an individual investor has used a mobile phone number to register a user account on our marketplace, he or she is required to provide his or her name and identity card number and link one of his or her bank accounts with the user account with us before the user can make an investment.

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Investment and Loan Allocation

An individual investor on our marketplace needs to open a personal custody account with our custodian bank. The individual investor may deposit funds from his or her linked bank account into the custody account. When making an investment utilizing the self-discretionary investing tool, pursuant to the multilateral loan agreement the individual investor authorizes the custodian bank on his or her behalf to allocate funds to the borrower. For individual investors opting for the automated investment programs, upon expiration of the subscription period, our system will automatically match the investment with one or more loans in the relevant automated investment program and generate multilateral loan agreements accordingly. Our system automatically reinvests the individual investor’s investment proceeds as soon as a loan is repaid during the term of the investment program, enabling individual investors to accelerate reinvestment of repayments they receive without having to revisit our app. We offered investor assurance programs to repay investors on our marketplace for loans that are past due. See “—User Protection—Investor Assurance Programs.”

Transfer

Our individual investors may elect to transfer his investment in selected loans or all loans in an investment program to other investors after a close period. Such loans are placed on the secondary loan market. Once another individual investor commits to buying such loan, we instruct the custodian bank to transfer the corresponding funds from the purchasing investor to the transferring individual investor, net of the service fees to us.

Transaction Process for Institutional Funding Partners

Our institutional funding partners provide us with pre-determined criteria for borrowers and we will use our credit assessment model to assess the applicants in our marketplace and select qualified applicants for the institutional funding partners for further approval. Institutional funding partners will assess the applicants through their own credit assessment process and once they approve the loans, our system will generate a multilateral loan agreement among the borrower, the institutional partner and us, which will become effective immediately. We will then instruct the institutional partner to transfer the funding to the borrower’s account directly and we are also not involved in the repayment of principal and interest between borrowers and institutional funding partners.

Transaction Process for Borrowers

Application

An applicant can submit a loan application after he or she has registered a user account using a valid mobile phone number. First-time applicants are required to present their PRC identity cards to us via their phone camera or webcam for identity verification. The images of their identity cards will be automatically captured and recognized by our authentication module and authenticated against personal identity data in the database of the Ministry of Public Security of China. In addition, based on the instructions within our Niwodai borrower app or on our website, applicants are also required to do specific poses facing the front camera to complete automatic biometric recognition. Our system authenticates the face recognition result against the database of the Ministry of Public Security of China to detect if it matches the identity card provided by the applicant.

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In addition to the identity card, applicants are required to provide basic personal information, including educational level, marital status, occupation, address and bank account information for our credit assessment. Applicants also authorize us to collect data from third parties for purposes of credit assessment. If the applicants have previously applied for loans through our marketplace, they do not need to go through the procedures again, but may supplement or update their personal information if there are any changes. Furthermore, certain loan products require applicants to provide other specific credentials, including credit card information, payroll or housing funding account information.

Credit Assessment and Approval

Our credit assessment model automatically computes a credit score for the applicant upon receipt of his or her credit information. The system then assigns a credit limit, annualized fixed interest rate and service fee rates for the corresponding score to the applicant if the application is approved. If the applicants have previously applied for loans on our marketplace, their credit scores may be adjusted upwards or downwards based on their performance of repayment obligations and updated personal information. Please see “—Credit Assessment and Risk Management System” for a detailed description of our credit assessment and risk management system. For funds provided by institutional funding partners, we only pre-screen the applicants and qualified applicants still need approvals from the institutional funding partners.

Funding

After obtaining credit approval, prospective borrowers may submit the final request with loan amount and loan term within the limit of the credit approval. Our automated investment programs will first try to match the prospective borrowers’ applications with individual investors that have subscribed to such programs. If the loan has not been matched automatically through automated investment programs, it will then be listed on our marketplace for individual investors to view and subscribe. Although there is no guarantee of full subscription, given our sophisticated algorithms and sufficient funding availability, it normally takes less than 70 minutes for a loan to be fully subscribed. Upon the full subscription of a loan (including through our automated investment programs), our system will automatically generate a multilateral loan agreement among the borrower, one or multiple prospective individual investors and us which will become effective immediately. We will then instruct the custodian bank to transfer the funding from the individual investors’ account to the borrower’s account. We currently do not collect any upfront service fee from borrowers.

For funds provided by institutional funding partners, upon confirmation of the loan amount by the borrower and credit approval from the institutional funding partners, our system will generate a multilateral loan agreement among the borrower, the institutional partner and us, which will become effective immediately. We will then instruct the institutional partner to transfer the funding to the borrower’s account directly.

Loan Servicing and Collection

We provide repayment reminder services through our in-app notification or SMSs by our service representatives before the due date for each scheduled repayment. Repayments are typically made automatically as the custodian bank collect the amount due from borrower’s account as authorized. We charge penalties on a per day basis for past due loan principal. Our borrowers may elect to make full prepayment of outstanding principal prior to the scheduled repayment dates once three months have elapsed since origination. We collected the first six months’ scheduled service fees regardless of any full principal prepayment prior to six months as prepayment service fee. Starting from 2018, we shifted from scheduling all service fees in the first six months to the first two months for the majority of the loans.

In the event of a repayment default, we utilize different strategies based on the severity of the delinquency.

Our system automatically tracks the performance of each of our individual loans, and conducts or reminds our collection staff to undertake these collection measures. We continuously monitor the performance of each of our individual loans.

We outsource most of our collection services to third-party collection agencies while maintaining a small in-house collection team. We generally utilize our in-house team to collect loans past due for a shorter period of time, and engage third-party collection agencies to collect loans past due for a longer period of time. We also engage third party law firms to assist us in judicial proceedings. We set up key performance indicators, or KPIs, for our in-house collection team and third-party collection agencies to evaluate their collection efficiency and compliance with relevant laws, regulations and internal procedures. Our collection quality assurance team continuously monitors the performance and compliance of our in-house collection team and third-party collection agencies to ensure that they employ appropriate collection methods to achieve better collection performance through KPI tracking, phone call recording assessment, complaint call feedback, internal training and examination.

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We became one of the first individual lending marketplaces to share credit information with Baihang Credit in January 2019. We believe our collaboration with Baihang Credit will benefit our loan collection efforts, as this aggregation of data will undermine the capability of these borrowers to obtain future credit from other marketplaces that shares data with Baihang Credit, which will pressure defaulting borrowers to become more willing to repay our loans.

Credit Assessment and Risk Management System

We operate a highly secure and open platform with proprietary and effective credit assessment model and comprehensive risk management system. Leveraging advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence and big data analytics, we continuously refine, test and optimize our model as our marketplace continues to accumulate and collect more credit data in our operations.

Our credit assessment model and risk management system have undergone significant evolution. We have been building an online credit assessment model since the launch of our online marketplace in December 2015. As we engaged substantial numbers of borrowers offline in 2016 and 2017, we collected information of such borrowers offline in collaboration with our related party Jiayin Credit and manually input such information into our system. We also utilized traditional risk management methodologies such as in-person interviews for borrowers engaged offline for a brief period after the inception of our business. Our borrower engagement efforts gradually shifted from offline to online as our online credit assessment capabilities improved. We no longer offer offline loan products since February 2018 and have fully automated data collection and risk management methodologies accordingly.

Data Collection and Pre-processing

The first step of our credit assessment process is to collect data from the applicant, which consists of information directly provided by the applicant and information that we collect from third parties with the applicant’s authorization. The list below presents the typical types of data that we used as input for our credit assessment.

We feed the raw, unstructured data that we collect into our data pre-processing module to generate high quality structured data as input for our credit assessment modules. Our data pre-processing procedures involve data cleaning, data normalization and feature extraction.

Credit Assessment Model

Our credit assessment system includes three main modules-authentication module, anti-fraud module and scorecard module. In addition, we collaborate with expert consultants to supplement our own credit assessment model.

The authentication module is a personal information authentication system that verifies and authenticates the identity of the applicant through the information provided by the applicant and third parties. With OCR and facial recognition technologies, the authentication module is able to automatically verify the identity card provided by applicants and their self-taken video against the Ministry of Public Security identity card database. We also cross check the personal and credit information, including social insurance and housing provident account information, against data from third parties to verify the authenticity of the data.

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We have a large database of past fraud accounts information and sophisticated rules in detecting fraudulent behaviors. We have been working closely with multiple partners in a joint effort to identify emerging fraudulent schemes, scams, trends, threats, and criminal organizations and have accumulated massive data relating to fraud. The database we maintain enables us to fine-tune the rules we set and enhance our fraud detection capabilities. Utilizing graph mining technology, this module analyzes each applicant’s social proximity or relationships, such as through phone calls and SMSs, to known fraudsters in our database to determine the applicant’s likelihood of also being a fraudster. In addition, this module also takes into consideration variables such as specific login device, GPS location, IP address and WiFi network connectivity to detect inconsistency and unusual features of applicants. We also continuously evolve this module to detect fraud clusters across device, environment, behavior and social dimensions. We also maintain a blacklist after detecting any fraudulent borrowers.

After a prospective borrower has passed the fraud detection module, we initiate a credit review using our proprietary scorecard module to generate a score for the prospective borrower, which ultimately drives the decision on whether to extend credit and the amount to be extended. Our scorecard module utilizes data we collected from the borrower, such as the credit card transaction record and repayment history, social security and housing provident account information, and data from external parties we are authorized by the borrower to collect. We generally assign the highest score for borrowers who demonstrate the most solid financial position and consistent repayment history. We started using the scorecard module since 2016 and it evolved over time as our product mix evolved and our credit assessment capabilities improve. As part of our credit assessment efforts, we also adapt our scorecard module to our borrower base, which shifted from offline to online and has evolved as we engage borrowers through different channels from time to time. Our scorecard module analyzes a different set of data for each loan application compared to earlier versions of the module and we continually test, validate and optimize it by changing the types of data it analyzes and the relative weights of various types of data. In particular, as the quality and availability of various data from third parties which is input in our scorecard module changes over time, we refine our scorecard module accordingly. We currently collaborate with more than 10 third-party data providers. Continuously refined by machine learning algorithms and the high volume of transaction data we collect, especially proprietary credit repayment records, our scorecard module currently analyzes a large number of variables for each loan application and enables us to better differentiate between creditworthy borrowers and lower quality borrowers. We also enhanced the stability of our scorecard module in view of increased amounts of loan applications we receive. As our credit assessment capabilities evolve, we are increasingly capable of identifying creditworthy borrowers, some of which we were unable to identify previously. We also benefit from the growth of our marketplace and the larger pool of borrower applicants our marketplace attracts, among which we are able to identify more creditworthy borrowers. As such, the credit scores generated by our scorecard module are not directly comparable across different time periods. Currently, the credit scores of our borrowers range from 0 to 100, while 100 represents the lowest credit risk associated with the borrower and 0 represents the highest. We generally reject borrowers with a credit score lower than 0, who we believe have low repayment willingness or capability. Set forth below is a breakdown of loan origination volume by the range of the credit scores of our borrowers as of the time of the loan origination.

We utilize an open risk management platform. In addition to the credit assessment efforts of our risk management team, we cooperate with leading expert consultants to improve our credit assessment modules from time to time. Following our strict data security policies, we open credit assessment platforms to these expert consultants, where they have access to a limited amount of desensitized, grouped and tagged borrower data, based on which they use such data to develop their own credit assessment models. After we exhaust our internal credit assessment model, we engage reputable third-party expert consultants to help further screen and re-assess the creditworthiness of applicants and identify creditworthy potential borrowers. We deploy and test new models developed by our expert consultants on an ongoing basis for a small portion of users in our test environment. We monitor the subsequent loan performance through repayment cycles and agree for the expert consultants to roll out a new model after it is confirmed to maintain superior credit quality while achieving low delinquency rate. Our expert consultants receive a certain percentage of the service fees we receive from the borrowers. We can incorporate successful models of our expert consultants to our credit assessment model with their consent. At the same time, we continuously refine our own credit assessment model in order to benefit from such cooperation with our expert consultants. We account for the rate and performance of borrowers identified by expert consultants when we evaluate the performance of our internal risk management team. We believe such open platform incentivizes vibrant and healthy collaboration and competition among our internal credit assessment team and our expert consultants.

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Pricing

Our credit assessment model automatically assigns the appropriate credit line, monthly interest rate and amount of service fees for each approved applicant based on the result of credit assessment and our risk management strategies. Borrowers’ credit assessment results may be adjusted based on their performance of repayment obligation and updated personal information. Rejected applicants may also become eligible for reapplication after a certain period of time based on our proprietary risk management strategies.

Risk Management Team

We have a risk management committee, comprised of nine members, that meets regularly to examine the credit, liquidity and operational risks on our marketplace. Our risk management team is responsible for designing and implementing the risk management and credit assessment policies and processes, loan performance analysis, credit model validation and credit decisioning performance. Our risk management team engage in various risk management activities, including reporting on performance trends, monitoring of loan concentrations and stability, performing economic stress tests on loans, randomly auditing loan decisions by our credit assessment model and conducting peer benchmarking and external risk assessments.

User Protection

We have adopted policies and taken measures to cultivate a risk-cognizant culture. Whenever an investor intends to make an investment, our system will remind the investor to read the risk awareness disclosure showing risks related to the investment.

Custodian Bank and Third-Party Payment Service Providers

We engaged Hengfeng Bank to provide fund custody services for our marketplace, pursuant to which Hengfeng Bank set up separate custody accounts for our individual investors and borrowers, and assumed fund custody functions including settlement, accounting and safeguarding funds flow through our marketplace from June 2017 to December 2019. From December 2019, we engaged AIBANK as our custodian services provider, which provided the same custody services as Hengfeng Bank. We cooperate with third-party payment service providers to transfer funds between bank accounts of our investors and borrowers and their custody accounts.

Investor Assurance Programs

Investor Assurance Program Managed by Us

We established an investor assurance program which was primarily in the form of a risk reserve fund contributed by borrowers to repay investors on our marketplace for loans prior to April 28, 2018 that were past due and to provide guarantee to investors through the same investor assurance program that was acquired from Niwodai Finance. In accordance with the policy of such investor assurance program, such investor assurance program covered on a portfolio basis the principal and interest of defaulted loans, payable on a first-loss basis up to the balance of the investor assurance program. Default payments to investors could only be made from the restricted cash accounts held for the investor assurance program. If the cash balance was depleted in those accounts, we might, at our discretion, transfer additional cash to these restricted cash accounts. Once the investor was paid for a borrower’s default, any future amount recovered would be contributed into the investor assurance program and we compensated investors once the investor assurance program was replenished again. As a result, investors would bear the risk that they would not be able to fully recover their investment principal and unpaid interest.

The risk reserve fund for all loans facilitated before April 28, 2018 was managed by Shanghai Caiyin, which was a consolidated affiliated entity of our Company before we disposed of it in 2019. After the disposal, we are not subject to the guarantee liabilities arising from the investor assurance program maintained by Shanghai Caiyin.

Investor Assurance Program Managed by an Independent Third Party Guarantor

On April 28, 2018, we began to partner with an independent third party guarantor to provide investor assurance program services for loans newly facilitated since after. In July 2018, we introduced another third party guarantor. Each of the third party guarantors enters into credit consulting and service agreement with borrowers and us for loans covered by the respective investor assurance programs managed by them. Borrowers pay service fees for such services directly to the guarantor, which will be deposited in the respective investor assurance program. Investments made by investors on those loans are protected by the respective investor protection program to the extent of the existing balance of the fund within such investor assurance program. The service fee rate for such loans is agreed upon by us and the third party guarantors. We no longer operate investor assurance program for these loans. As of December 31, 2019, 100% of the outstanding principal of loans between individual investors and borrowers facilitated by us were covered by the investor assurance program managed by third party guarantors.

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Investor Assurance Program by Partnering with Class B Investors

In July 2018, we launched investor assurance programs by partnering with selective investors, or the Class B investors, who have a higher risk tolerance in exchange for higher earnings in managing the investor assurance for the other investors who invest in the same loan product but with lower level of risk tolerance, or the Class A investors. The minimum investment amount for such Class B investment program is RMB1 million. The investment of Class B investors are matched with a number of loans on our marketplace and each of such loans are matched with Class A and Class B investors at the same time. We adjust the ratio of the investment amount by Class A and Class B investors in each loan based on projection of the loan performance. We have stopped the investor assurance program by partnering with Class B investors and there was no new Class B Investors in 2019. As of December 31, 2019, there was no outstanding loans covered by investor assurance program partnering with Class B Investors.

Guarantee arrangements for institutional funding partners

For the loans facilitated between borrowers and institutional funding partners, guarantee services are provided by third party guarantee companies who charge guarantee service fees directly from borrowers. Upon borrowers’ default, the third-party guarantee companies compensate institutional funding partners for the unpaid principal and interest. In certain contracts, we also provide a secondary guarantee to the institutional funding partners in the event that the guarantee companies are unable to fully reimburse the institutional funding partners. To manage the risk exposure, we in turn obtain a back-to-back guarantee from another third party company. The fair value of our guarantee liabilities as a secondary guarantor was inconsequential and no compensation was made by us during the year of 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the outstanding loan balance for which we provide secondary guarantee was RMB487.2 million (US$70.0 million).

User Service

We believe that our dedication and devotion to superior user service is a significant contributor to our growth. To better serve our users, we adopt user-oriented business practices, including offering user service hotlines and online user service support on our mobile apps and WeChat account. We also offer clear and concise guidelines on our website and within our app to guide investors and borrowers throughout the transaction process. In addition, we provide an online discussion forum, where our current and potential users can communicate with each other and our user service agents. Finally, our user service team frequently reaches out to our users to seek their feedback. We maintain a user complaint feedback channel to improve our products and services. As of December 31, 2019, we had 108 employees in our dedicated user service department.

Overseas Development

Leveraging on the proprietary technology and operation experience accumulated in China, we are exploring business opportunities in other developing countries with a significant size of low-to mid- income population. We believe that these low-to mid- income populations is currently underserved by local financial systems similar to the financial market situation in China and our credit assessment and risk management system can be readily deployed in these countries.

We established our Indonesia office to supervise our development in the Southeast Asia. In December 2019, we successfully filed with the Indonesian Financial Services Authority and started to offer our online products in Indonesia, which is a key step for our application for license of peer to peer lending business. We also set up our Indian office at the end of 2019 and started to apply for the non-bank financial company license in India. We began to reach out to Vietnamese partners for potential cooperation since 2018 and had successfully established a joint venture company with local partners to conduct Internet finance business in 2019. In early 2020, we also acquired an Internet finance company in Mexico for our future development in South America. In addition, we set up a one-stop financial technology platform in Southeast Asia to provide customers with credit and risk control systems and have provided services to approximately 40 Vietnamese and Indonesian customers.

We plan to further explore overseas market in the future to better serve investors and borrowers in the Southeast Asia and other emerging markets with significant demands for consumer finance solutions. We will continue to cooperate with local partners with strong local presence and stable funding sources. With our risk management technologies and the local expertise of our partners, we believe we will be able to deliver accessible and convenient financial services to our overseas investors and borrowers.

Our Technology and IT Infrastructure

The success of our business is dependent on our strong technological capabilities that support us in delivering superior user experience, safeguarding information on our platform, increasing operational efficiency and enabling innovations. Principal components of our technology system include:

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Intellectual Property

We regard our trademarks, domain names, copyrights, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on trademark and trade secret law and confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. We have registered 172 trademarks in the PRC. We are the registered holder of 21 domain names, including www.jiayinfintech.cn. We also have 49 copyrights for our proprietary techniques in connection with our systems.

Competition

Online individual finance market is an emerging industry in China. It provides a new means for consumers to obtain financing and for investors to seek new investment opportunities. As a leading online individual finance marketplace in China, we face fierce competition from other online marketplaces, online finance service providers as well as traditional financial institutions. Individual finance marketplaces which operate online platforms connecting investors and borrowers compete directly with us for both investors and borrowers. In addition, for borrowers, we compete with other online platforms that engage in the online leading business. We also compete with traditional financial institutions, including credit card issuers, individual finance business units in commercial banks and other individual finance companies. With respect to investors, we primarily compete with providers of other investment products and asset classes, such as equities, bonds, investment trust products, bank savings accounts and real estate. Some of our larger competitors have substantially broader products or service offerings and richer financial resources to support heavy spending on sales and marketing. We believe that our ability to compete effectively for investors and borrowers depends on many factors, including the variety of our products, user experiences on our marketplace, the effectiveness of our risk management system, the returns offered to investors, our marketing and selling efforts and the strength and reputation of our brands.

In addition, as our business continues to grow rapidly, we face significant competition for talents, including management, engineers, product managers and risk management personnel. The success of our growth strategy depends in part on our ability to retain existing personnel and attract additional talents.

Regulation

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant laws, regulations and rules that affect our business activities in the PRC and our shareholders’ rights to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Regulations Relating to Online Individual Finance Services

Due to the relatively brief history of the online individual finance industry in China, the regulatory framework governing our industry has not developed comprehensively. Even though few specific regulations on online individual finance industry have been issued in the past few years, detailed guidance and interpretation has yet to be promulgated by the regulators. Under PRC laws and regulations, our business practice of online individual finance services is usually categorized as online lending information intermediary services.

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Regulations on Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Intermediary Information Services

On July 18, 2015, the Guidelines on Promoting the Healthy Development of Online Finance Industry, or the Guidelines, were promulgated by ten PRC regulatory authorities, including the PBOC, the MIIT and the CBRC. The Guidelines define online peer-to-peer lending as direct lending between individuals through an online platform, which is under the supervision of the CBRC and governed by the PRC Contract Law , the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC, and related judicial interpretations promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court. Pursuant to the Guidelines, a company that provides online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary services shall function clearly as an information intermediary and provide information services rather than provide credit enhancement services or engage in illegal fund-raising.

On April 12, 2016, the General Office of the State Council issued the Circular on Implementation Strategies Targeted towards Risks related to Online Finance Industry , which emphasizes that the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms shall operate as information intermediaries and must not engage in certain activities, including but not limited to, setting up capital pool, extending loans, raising illegal fund. Online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms are also required to separate funds of lenders and borrowers from their own funds through custodian services provided by qualified banks. As the implementation rules for online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms, on April 13, 2016, the CBRC issued the Circular on Implementation Scheme of Special Rectification of Risks in Online Peer-to-Peer Lending Industry. By categorizing the market players based on their different levels of legal compliance, the CBRC started to regulate the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service industry.

On August 17, 2016, the CBRC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security of the PRC, or the MPS, and the CAC jointly issued the Interim Measures on Administration of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries, or the Interim Measures.

The Interim Measures require the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to (i) substantially include “online lending information intermediary” in its business scope filed with the local registration regulatory authority; (ii) complete a filing with local financial regulatory authority; and (iii) apply for appropriate telecommunication business license in accordance with relevant provisions issued by competent telecommunication regulatory authority after completion of the filing with local financial regulatory authority.

According to the Interim Measures, online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers shall not engage in or accept entrustment to engage in certain activities, including, among others, (i) financing for themselves directly or indirectly, (ii) holding lenders’ funds, including accepting, collecting or gathering funds of lenders directly or indirectly, (iii) providing security to lenders or promising break-even principals and interests directly or in a disguised form, (iv) raising funds by issuing financial products on their own as wealth management products, (v) splitting the maturity term of any financing project, (vi) conducting securitization and (vii) operating equity crowd-funding.

The Interim Measures require that online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers shall restrict the maximum balance of fund borrowed by the same borrower on the same online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform as well as on several such online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms so as to prevent credit concentration risks. The maximum balance of fund borrowed by any individual on the same online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform shall be RMB200,000, and the aggregate maximum balance of fund borrowed by the same individual on all online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms shall be RMB1,000,000. The maximum balance of funds borrowed by any entity or other kind of organization on the same online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform shall be RMB1,000,000, and the aggregate maximum balance of fund borrowed by any entity or other kind of organization on all online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms shall be RMB5,000,000.

With respect to the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms established prior to the implementation of the Interim Measures, provided that such platforms have not been in compliance with the applicable requirements of the Interim Measures, the local financial regulatory authority would require such platforms to make correction or rectification within a 12-month transition period specified by the Interim Measures.

Pursuant to the Interim Measures, if an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service provider violates any applicable laws, regulations or relevant regulatory provisions relating to online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary services, sanctions could be imposed by the local financial regulatory authority or other relevant regulatory authorities, including, among others, supervision interviews, regulatory warning, correction order, condemnation, negative credit record and publication, fine up to RMB30,000, and criminal liabilities if the act constitutes a criminal offense.

In accordance with the Guidelines and the Interim Measures, the CBRC, the MIIT and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce jointly issued the Guidelines on the Filing-based Administration of the Online Lending Information Intermediaries on October 28, 2016, setting out detailed rules on the filing-based administrative regime of online lending information intermediaries that require local financial regulators to register, publicize and archive the basic information of online lending information intermediaries within their respective jurisdictions.

In accordance with the Guidelines and the Interim Measures, the CBRC issued the Guidelines on Funds Custodian Business in Online Lending Industry, or the Custodian Guidelines on February 22, 2017, which further clarifies the custodian requirement for the funds of lenders and borrowers held by online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers. Pursuant to the Custodian Guidelines, an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service provider shall only designate one qualified commercial bank as its fund custodian institution for the funds of lenders and borrowers held by it. To the extent that the relevant online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers and commercial banks are not in full compliance with the Custodian Guidelines, they are required to make correction or rectification within a six-month rectification period specified by the Custodian Guidelines.

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In accordance with the Guidelines and the Interim Measures, the CBRC further issued the Guidelines on Information Disclosure of Business Activities of Online Lending Information Intermediaries , or the Disclosure Guidelines, on August 23, 2017. The Disclosure Guidelines further clarifies the disclosure requirements for online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers. Pursuant to the Disclosure Guidelines, online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers shall disclose certain required information on their websites and all the other Internet channels, including mobile applications, WeChat or Weibo official account, including, among others, (i) the record-filing and registration information, the organization information, the examination and verification information, and transaction related information, including transactions matched through the online lending information intermediaries for the previous month, all of which shall be disclosed to the public; (ii) the basic information of the borrowers and the loans, the risk assessment of such loans, and the information of the outstanding transaction matched, all of which shall be disclosed to investors; and (iii) any event that would result in a material adverse effect to the operations of online lending information intermediaries, which shall be disclosed to the public within 48 hours upon occurrence. The Disclosure Guidelines also require online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to record all the disclosed information and keep such information in writing for no less than five years from the disclosure date. To the extent that the relevant online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers are not in full compliance with the Disclosure Guidelines, they are required to make correction or rectification within a six-month rectification period specified by the Disclosure Guidelines.

On December 1, 2017, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks and the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks jointly issued the Circular on Regulating and Rectifying of “Cash Loan” Services , or Circular 141. Circular 141 sets out the principles and general requirements for the conduct of “cash loan” business by online small loan companies, P2P platforms and banking financial institutions (for the purpose of Circular 141, including banks, trust companies and consumer financial companies). Circular 141 focuses on regulating the “cash loans” with features of no user scenario, specified uses of loan proceeds, specified customer base, or collateral, etc. Circular 141 sets forth several general principles with respect to the regulation of “cash loan” business, including: (i) no organization or individual may conduct the “cash loan” lending business without obtaining relevant approval; (ii) the aggregated borrowing costs of borrowers charged by institutions in the form of interest and various fees should be annualized and subject to the limit on interest rate of private lending provided by the judicial department; (iii) institutions engaged in cash, among others, loan business must follow the “know-your-customer” process and prudentially assess and determine the borrower’s suitability, credit limit and cooling-off period, etc.; and (iv) all institutions engaged in cash, among others, loan business must enhance their internal risk control and prudentially use the “data-driven” risk management models.

On December 8, 2017, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks released the Notice on The Improvement and Acceptance of the Peer-to-Peer Online Lending Risk , or Circular 57. Circular 57 requires local financial regulator, local CBRC, the People’s Bank local branch, local public security, local communication administrative department and local AIC to jointly inspect and accept whether an internet lending information intermediary or P2P company complies with the Interim Measures. The P2P company can only be filed records, or P2P Filing, with the local financial regulator after receiving acceptance certificate or document issued jointly by local financial regulator and local CBRC. Normally, the P2P Filing should be completed before April 2018 according to the Circular 57. Circular 57 forbids several credit assignment models, including: (i) providing asset securitization services or transfer creditor’s rights in form of packaged assets, securitized assets, trust assets or fund shares; (ii) certain credit transfer from related individual party of the P2P company to the lender on the platform; and (iii) using credit right from the peer-to-peer lending platform as a pledge to borrow money from other lenders. In accordance with Circular 57, online lending marketplaces shall optimize their business portfolios continuously and manage the scale of their businesses. Marketplaces that have received rectification notices shall ensure steady decrease of the balance of non-compliant business on these marketplaces and shall not engage in any new non-compliant operations.

On August 13, 2018, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks issued the Notice on Conducting Compliance Inspection on P2P Lending Platforms, or the Notice on Compliance Inspection, which requires that P2P lending platforms, local internet finance associations and relevant governmental authorities conduct compliance inspections based on a checklist of 108 compliance criteria and that such inspections shall be completed by December 31, 2018. The Notice on Compliance Inspection further states that only P2P lending platforms which pass the compliance check and satisfy a period of operations and tests may apply for filing.

It has been reported that in May 2017, the PBOC and other PRC regulatory agencies issued the Notice on Further Effectively Conducting the Special Campaign on Reorganizing and Rectification in Respect of Risks Related to the Internet Finance Market , or Circular 119, which classified enterprises in the Internet finance market into “compliant enterprises”, “enterprises to conduct rectifications” and “enterprises to be suspended.” Circular 119 further stipulated various procedures to be taken with respect to these three types of enterprises. It has been reported that Circular 119 requires an enterprise that have received any rectification notice from government agencies, or an “enterprise to conduct rectifications,” to promise, in its rectification plan, that it will not engage in any new non-compliant operations. Furthermore, such rectification plan shall provide a clear schedule for such enterprises to wind down and terminate all outstanding non-compliant business contracts and operations, which schedule in principal shall be no longer than one year, except if other specific regulation stipulates otherwise. Enterprises which refuse to rectify non-compliant activities, or fail to pass rectifying inspections, or engage in significant non-compliance shall be shut down in accordance with relevant regulations.

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During the process of the Special Campaign, provincial government agencies shall ensure that the number of enterprises in the Internet finance market and relevant business scale in such province to decrease, which is commonly referred to as the Dual Decrease.

Furthermore, it has been reported that, according to Circular 175, except for large-scale peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces that have not demonstrated any high-risk characteristics, which are generally referred to as Normal Marketplaces, other marketplaces, including shell companies with no substantive operation, small-scale marketplaces, marketplaces with high risks and marketplaces on which investors are not fully repaid or that are otherwise unable to operate their businesses, shall exit the peer-to-peer lending industry or cease operation. Normal Marketplaces shall cease operating businesses that are not in compliance with laws and regulations. Circular 175 also encourages certain Normal Marketplaces to convert into other types of online financing institutions such as online small loan companies or loan facilitation platforms. In accordance with Circular 175, Normal Marketplaces shall strictly manage the scale of its business and number of investors, follow the requirements of Dual Decrease and report relevant data to competent government agencies. According to Circular 175, the overarching objective of Circular 175 is for PRC government agencies to effect orderly exits of certain peer-to-peer direct lending marketplaces without inducing systematic risk in the financial system or causing significant social turbulence until only those marketplaces that are strictly in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations remain in operation in the peer-to-peer direct lending industry. The aforementioned summaries of Circular 119 and 175 are based on certain media reports, including alleged photocopies of Circular 119 and 175 presented in such reports. We have been advised by our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, that Circular 119 and 175 have not been officially issued to the public by any government agencies, and therefore, there are uncertainties as to the accuracy of the media reports, as well as the authenticity, meaning and application of Circular 119 and 175.

In addition, it has been reported that in January 2019, the Online Lending Rectification Office issued the Circular on Further Implementation of Online Lending Intermediaries Compliance Inspection and Follow-up Work, or Circular 1, which has not been officially published. According to Circular 1, for each administrative region the number of online lending intermediaries, the number of investors and the business volume therein shall be reduced, and with respect to an online lending intermediary, the number of investors, business volume and number of borrowers thereon shall also be reduced.

On November 28, 2019, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks and the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Peer-to-peer Lending Risks jointly issued the Guidelines on the Transformation of Online Lending Information Intermediaries into Small Loan Companies, which stipulates several basic requirements with respect to the transformation, including: (i) the existing business and financial management of the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary provider is relatively compliant; (ii) the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary provider and its actual controller and senior executives have no severe penalties, criminal records, verified complaint records in violation of PRC laws or illegal financial activities; (ii) the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary provider have qualified shareholders, management team, feasible transformation plan and meet online operation requirements. As of the date of this annual report, we have not submitted an application for the transformation.

We have taken various measures to comply with the Interim Measures, the Custodian Guidelines, the Disclosure Guidelines and other laws and regulations that are applicable to our business operations. For example, we have ceased certain practice that could be regarded as a form of credit enhancement or guarantee and engaged Hengfeng Bank as the fund custodian institution for the funds of individual lenders and borrowers before December 2019 and we began to engage AIBANK as our custodian institution since December 2019. However, given that detailed regulations and guidance in the area of online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary services are yet to be promulgated, we cannot be certain that our existing practice would not be deemed to violate any existing or future laws, regulations and rules. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

Regulations Relating to Online Lending Business of Facilitating Institutional Lending Capital

Circular 141 imposes several requirements on financial institutions engaged in the “cash loan” business, including, among other things: (i) such financial institutions must not extend loans jointly with any entities that have not obtained the approval for the lending business, or provide funding to such entities for them to extend loans; (ii) with respect to the loan business conducted in cooperation with third-party entities, such financial institutions must not outsource their core business function (including the credit assessment and risk control). Loan facilitators shall return to its origin. Financial institutions must not accept any credit enhancement services, whether or not in a disguised form (including the commitment to taking default risks), provided by any third-party entities that lack the qualification to provide guarantee services; and (iii) such financial institutions must require and ensure that such third party entities do not charge any interests or fees from the borrowers.

Moreover, Circular 141 also sets forth certain specific requirements related to online small loan companies and banking financial institutions in cash loan business. Any violation of Circular 141 may result in penalties, including but not limited to suspensions of operation, orders to make rectification, condemnation, revocations of license, orders to cease business operation, and criminal liabilities.

In addition, on October 9, 2019, CBIRC issued the CBIRC Circular 37, which explicitly provides that institutions providing customer promotion, credit assessment and other services for various lending institutions shall not provide financing guarantee services without approval.

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Regulations on Loans between Individuals

Pursuant to the PRC Contract Law, a contract is null and void under any of the following circumstances: (i) the contract is concluded through the use of fraud or coercion by one party and thereby damages the interest of the state; (ii) malicious collusion is conducted to damage the interest of the state, the community or any third parties; (iii) an illegitimate purpose is concealed under the guise of legitimate forms of acts; (iv) the contract damages the public interest; or (v) the mandatory provisions of the laws and administrative regulations are violated. A loan agreement becomes effective when an individual lender provides loan to an individual borrower provided that the agreement does not fall into any such circumstance under the PRC Contract Law .

In accordance with the Provisions on Several Issues Concerning Laws Applicable to Trials of Private Lending Cases issued by the Supreme People’s Court on August 6, 2015, or the Private Lending Judicial Interpretations, which became effective on September 1, 2015, in the event that loans are made through an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform and such platform only provides information intermediary services, courts shall dismiss any claim concerned against the platform demanding the repayment of loans by the platform as a guarantor.

In addition, the interest rates charged under the loan agreement shall not violate the applicable provisions of the PRC laws and regulations. The Private Lending Judicial Interpretations also provide that agreements between lenders and borrowers on loans with interest rates below 24% per annum are valid and enforceable. As to the loans with interest rates per annum between 24% (exclusive) and 36% (inclusive), if the interest on the loans has already been paid to the lender, and so long as such payment has not damaged the interest of the state, the community or any third parties, the courts will turn down the borrower’s request to demand the return of the excess interest payment. If the annual interest rate of a private loan is higher than 36%, the agreement on the excess part of the interest is invalid, and if the borrower requests the lender to return the part of interest exceeding 36% of the annual interest that has been paid, the courts will support such requests. The interest rates of all our loan products are below 36% and certain loans financed by our automated loan investment programs have interest rates that exceed 24%. In addition, on August 4, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Circular of Several Suggestions on Further Strengthening the Judicial Practice Regarding Financial Cases , which provides, among others, that (i) the claim of the borrower under a financial loan agreement to adjust or cut down the part of interest exceeding 24% per annum on the basis that the aggregate amount of interest, compound interest, default interest, liquidated damages and other fees collectively claimed by the lender is overly high shall be supported by the PRC courts; and (ii) in the context of Internet finance disputes, if the online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platforms and the lender circumvent the upper limit of the judicially protected interest rate by charging intermediate fee, it shall be determined as invalid. Furthermore, under Circular 141, the overall borrowing costs charged to borrowers should be calculated by loan interest together with all relevant fees and presented in an annualized form, which shall comply with above provisions on private lending. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—Changes in PRC regulations relating to interest rates for marketplace and micro-credit lending could have a material adverse effect on our business.”

In addition, pursuant to the PRC Contract Law, a creditor may assign its rights under an agreement to a third party, provided that the debtor is notified. Upon due assignment of the creditor’s rights, the assignee is entitled to the creditor’s rights and the debtor must perform the relevant obligations under the agreement for the benefit of the assignee. We also provide loan transfer services on our platform where lenders can transfer the loans they hold to other lenders upon the maturity of the automated loan investment products.

Regulations on Sharing Information of and Imposing Disciplinary Measures on Discredited Parties subject to Enforcement

The Several Provisions on Announcement of the List of Discredited Parties Subject to Enforcement promulgated by the Supreme People’s Court on July 16, 2013, and amended on February 28, 2017, or Several Provisions, provides the framework for collecting and sharing information of discredited parties which are subject to law enforcement actions. According to the Several Provisions, where a party subject to enforcement fails to perform the obligations determined in a valid legal document, under any of the following circumstances, a people’s court shall record him/her in the list of discredited parties subject to enforcement, and impose credit-related disciplinary measures pursuant to the law in cases if: (i) he/she has the capacity to perform but refuses to perform the obligations determined in the valid legal document; (ii) he/she hinders or resists enforcement by way of forging evidence, violence or coercion; (iii) he/she circumvents enforcement by way of false lawsuit, false arbitration or concealment or removal of properties; (iv) there is a violation of property reporting system; (v) there is a violation of order to restrict consumption; or (vi) he/she refuses to perform settlement agreement for enforcement without a valid reason.

The Several Provisions further provide that people’s courts at all levels shall record the information of the discredited parties subject to enforcement in the database of the Supreme People’s Court, and announce such information to the public on a unified basis through such database. Furthermore, the people’s court at all levels may, based on the actual conditions of the locality, announce the list of discredited parties subject to enforcement by way of newspapers, radio, television, Internet, bulletin board of the court, and may hold press conference or engage other methods for announcement of implementation status of lists of discredited parties subject to enforcement by these courts and courts within their respective jurisdictions.

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In accordance with the Notice on Issuing the Memorandum of Cooperation on Jointly Imposing Disciplinary Measures against Discredited Parties Subject to Enforcement promulgated by the NDRC and other government agencies on January 20, 2016, or the Joint Disciplinary Measures Memorandum, the NDRC will, on the basis of the national credit information sharing platform, establish a system for joint disciplinary measures against discredited acts. Through said system, Supreme People’s court shall provide other governmental agencies who have signed this Joint Disciplinary Measures Memorandum with the information of discredited parties subject to enforcement, and update such information according to the relevant provisions. Other governmental agencies shall obtain the information of discredited parties subject to enforcement via said system, implement or assist in implementing the disciplinary measures specified in the Joint Disciplinary Measures Memorandum, and report the information on implementation of such measures to the Supreme People’s Court and the NDRC via said system. The disciplinary measures for the discredited parties include, among others, (i) restrictions on participation in government procurement; (ii) restrictions on establishment of insurance companies and financing guarantee companies; (iii) provision of relevant information as a prudent reference for all financial institutions when financial institutions approve credit applications; (iv) restrictions on support of subsidy or social security funds; (v) provision of reference for accreditation of preferential policies; (vi) for individuals, restrictions on serving as legal representative, director or supervisor of wholly state-owned enterprises, legal representative of public institutions, public servants or staff members of public institutions; (vii) for individuals, restrictions on luxurious consumptions, including but not limited to taking airplanes, luxurious sleeping compartments on trains, higher star-rated hotels, night clubs or golf courses, and other consumption unnecessary for living and working.

In accordance with the Notice on Reporting Borrowers Who Deliberately Circumvent Loan Repayment or Refuse to Repay on Peer-to-Peer Lending Platforms issued by the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign against Internet Financial Risks on August 8, 2018, local offices for the special campaign shall report lists of borrowers who deliberately circumvent loan repayment or refuse to repay when he/she has the capacity to do so. Going forward, the national Office of the Leading Group for the Special Campaign shall coordinate with other government agencies to include relevant information of these borrowers into the national credit information sharing platform and “Credit China” database.

Regulations on Illegal Fund-Raising

The Measures for the Banning of Illegal Financial Institutions and Illegal Financial Business Operations promulgated by the State Council in July 1998 and revised in 2011, and the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning the Penalty on Illegal Fund-Raising issued by the General Office of the State Council in July 2007, explicitly prohibit illegal public fund-raising. Anyone who engages in illegal funding raising will be subject to administrative penalty from one time to five times of the illegal revenues, cessation of operation or even criminal liabilities. In addition, the Interim Measures and the Custodian Guidelines purport, among other things, to require each online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service provider to separate its own funds from the funds of lenders and borrowers, choose one qualified commercial bank as the fund custodian institution for the funds of lenders and borrowers, and limit the maximum amount of the loan borrowed by one individual. According to the Custodian Guidelines, online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers are further required to review and verify the records and information of their custody accounts with their fund custodian institutions on a daily basis.

We act as an information intermediary for and are not a party to the loans facilitated through our platform. We rely on third-party payment platforms in handling funds transfer and settlement. We entered into a custody account arrangement with Hengfeng Bank, whereby the funds of lenders and borrowers were deposited into and settled by custody accounts under its management before December 2019. We signed a custody account arrangement with AIBANK in November 27, 2019 and changed our custodian institution into AIBANK since December 2019. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

Regulations on Anti-money Laundering

The PRC Anti-money Laundering Law, which became effective in January 2007, stipulates that special non-financial institutions which are required by relevant regulations to perform obligations of anti-money laundering shall comply with the anti-money laundering obligations. The PBOC and other regulatory authorities issued a series of administrative regulations and rules to specify the anti-money laundering obligations of financial institutions and special non-financial institutions.

Furthermore, the Guidelines, the Interim Measures and the Custodian Guidelines require online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to comply with certain anti-money laundering requirements, including the establishment of a customer identification program, the monitoring and reporting of suspicious transactions, the preservation of customer information and transaction records, and the provision of assistance to the public security authority and judicial authority in investigations and proceedings in relation to anti-money laundering matters.

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While we are in the process of formulating policies and procedures, including internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, aimed at preventing money laundering and terrorism financing, we cannot assure you that we will be able to establish and maintain anti-money laundering policies and procedures which can effectively protect our platform from being exploited for money laundering or terrorism financing purposes, or that such policies and procedures, if adopted, will be deemed to be fully in compliance with all applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the Interim Measures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Any failure by our third-party service providers to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing laws and regulations could damage our reputation.”

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment

On June 30, 2019, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2019 Edition), or the Foreign Investment Catalogue, which became effective on July 30, 2019. Under the Foreign Investment Catalogue, foreign-invested industries are classified into two categories, namely (i) those included on the Catalogue of Industries for Encouraging Foreign Investment and (ii) those included on the Catalogue of Priority Industries for Foreign Investment in Central and Western China.

On June 30, 2019, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Special Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2019 Edition), or the 2019 Negative List, which became effective on July 30, 2019. After the implementation of the 2019 Negative List, the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2018 Edition) shall be repealed simultaneously. Pursuant to the 2019 Negative List, foreign investment in value-added telecommunication services (with certain exceptions to E-commerce, domestic multi-party communication, storage and forwarding and call center) is restricted.

Foreign investment in telecommunications companies in the PRC is also governed by the Provisions on Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, or the Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises Provisions, which was promulgated by the State Council on December 11, 2001, and amended on September 10, 2008 and February 6, 2016. The Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises Provisions prohibit a foreign investor from holding over 50% of the total equity interest in any value-added telecommunication service business in China. In addition, the major foreign investor who invests in a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprise and operates the value-added telecommunication service business in China must demonstrate a good track record and experience in operation of value-added telecommunication service business.

The National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC on March 15, 2019 and its implementation regulation later on December 26, 2019, which became effective on January 1, 2020 and replaced three then existing laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the PRC Equity Joint Venture Law, the PRC Cooperative Joint Venture Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic invested enterprises in China. The Foreign Investment Law establishes the basic framework for the access to, and the promotion, protection and administration of foreign investments in view of investment protection and fair competition. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, China will grant national treatment to foreign invested entities, except for those foreign invested entities that operate in industries that fall within “restricted” or “prohibited” categories as prescribed in the “negative list” to be released or approved by the State Council.

Furthermore, the Interim Administrative Measures for the Record-filing of the Incorporation and Change of Foreign-invested Enterprises (amended in 2018) was replaced by Measures for the Reporting of Foreign Investment Information, or the Foreign Investment Information Measures. Since January 1, 2020, for foreign investors carrying out investment activities directly or indirectly in the PRC, foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall submit investment information through the Enterprise Registration System and the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System operated by the State Administration for Market Regulation. Foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall disclose their investment information by submitting reports for their establishments, modifications and cancellations and their annual reports in accordance with the Foreign Investment Information Measures. If a foreign-invested enterprise investing in the PRC has finished submitting its reports for its establishment, modifications and cancellation and its annual reports, the relevant information will be shared by the competent market regulation department to the competent commercial department, and does not require such foreign-invested enterprise to submit the reports separately.

Regulations Relating to Internet Companies

Regulations on Value-Added Telecommunication Services

The Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC, or the Telecommunications Regulations, promulgated by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and amended on July 29, 2014 and February 6, 2016, provide a regulatory framework for telecommunication service providers in the PRC. The Telecommunications Regulations require telecommunication service providers to obtain an operating license prior to the commencement operations. The Telecommunications Regulations categorize telecommunication services into basic telecommunication services and value-added telecommunication services. According to the Catalog of Telecommunication Business, attached to the Telecommunications Regulations, both information services and online data processing and transaction processing services provided via fixed network, mobile network and Internet fall within value-added telecommunication services.

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In July 2017, the MIIT promulgated the Administrative Measures on Telecommunication Business Operating Licenses. Under these regulations, a commercial operator of value-added telecommunication services must first obtain a license for value-added telecommunication service business, or VATS License, from the MIIT or its provincial level counterparts.

In July 2006, the Ministry of Information Industry of the PRC, the predecessor of the MIIT, issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in the Operation of Value-added Telecommunication Business , which prohibits holders of telecommunication business licenses from leasing, transferring or selling their licenses in any form, or providing any resource, sites or facilities, to any foreign investor intending to conduct such business in China.

Before the issuance of the Interim Measures in August 2016, there was no clear or official regulation or guidance from the PRC government as to whether online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service was a type of value-added telecommunication services and whether its provider should be subject to value-added telecommunication regulations. After the Interim Measures came into force, an online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary platform shall apply for appropriate telecommunication business license in accordance with relevant provisions issued by competent telecommunication regulatory authority after completion of its filing with local financial regulatory authority. However, the relevant implementation rules regarding such telecommunication business license is yet to be issued or specified and therefore currently we are not able to make the necessary application for the VATS License.

Furthermore, as we are providing online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service through mobile applications to mobile device users, we cannot assure you that we will not be required to apply for an operating license for our mobile applications in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—The laws and regulations governing online individual finance industry in China are developing and evolving and subject to changes. If we fail to comply with existing and future applicable laws, regulations or requirements of local regulatory authorities, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.”

Regulation on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services

In addition to the Telecommunications Regulations and other regulations above, mobile application information service providers are especially regulated by the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services , or the APP Provisions, which were promulgated by the CAC, on June 28, 2016 and became effective on August 1, 2016. According to the APP Provisions, the CAC and its local counterparts shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of nationwide or local mobile application information, respectively.

Under the APP Provisions, mobile application information service providers are required to obtain relevant qualifications prescribed by laws and regulations and shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of mobile application information required by laws and regulations and implement the information security management responsibilities strictly, including but not limited to: (i) authenticating the identity information of the registered users, (ii) protecting user information, and obtaining the consent of users while collecting and using users’ personal information in a lawful and proper manner, (iii) establishing information content audit and management mechanism, and taking against any information content in violation of laws or regulations depending on circumstances, and (iv) recording and keeping users’ log information the same for sixty (60) days.

We have implemented necessary programs in our mobile application to make sure the collection, protection and preservation of user information are in compliance with the APP Provisions in all material aspects.

Regulations on Internet Security

Internet information in China is regulated and restricted from a national security standpoint. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, has enacted the Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security on December 28, 2000 and further amended on August 27, 2009, which may subject violators to criminal punishment for any effort to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights. In 1997, the MPS has promulgated measures that prohibit use of the Internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. If an Internet information service provider violates these measures, the MPS and its local counterparts may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

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Pursuant to the Network Security Law of the PRC promulgated by the SCNPC on November 7, 2016 and effective on June 1, 2017, network operators, including online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers, shall comply with laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services, and take all necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data.

We have, in accordance with relevant provisions on the state network security and the requirements of the state’s system for classified protection of information security, conducted the record-filing of class determination and class testing of information system, possessed perfect network security facility and management system such as firewall, intrusion detection, data encryption and disaster recovery, etc.

Regulations on Privacy Protection

The Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, issued by the MIIT in December 2011, provide that an Internet information service provider may not collect any user personal information or provide any such information to third parties without the consent of a user. An Internet information service provider must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user personal information and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services. An Internet information service provider is also required to properly maintain the user personal information, and in case of any leak or likely leak of the user personal information, online peer-to-peer lending service providers must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, make an immediate report to the telecommunication regulatory authority.

In addition, pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information issued by the SCNPC in December 2012 and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the MIIT in July 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes.

Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law of the PRC issued by the SCNPC in August 2015 and became effective in November, 2015 any Internet service provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to Internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders shall be subject to criminal penalty. On May 8, 2017, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate released the Interpretations on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Citizens’ Personal Information , or the Personal Information Judicial Interpretations, which became effective on June 1, 2017. The Personal Information Judicial Interpretations provide more practical conviction and sentencing criteria for the infringement of citizens’ personal information and mark a milestone for the criminal protection of citizens’ personal information.

Furthermore, the Interim Measures require online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers to reinforce the management of information of lenders and borrowers, so as to ensure the legitimacy and security regarding the collection, processing and use of information of lenders and borrowers. Online peer-to-peer lending information intermediary service providers should also keep confidential the information of lenders and borrowers collected in the course of their business, and should not use such information for any other purpose except for services they provide without the consent of lenders or borrowers.

While we have taken measures to protect the confidential information that we have access to, our security measures could be breached. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform could cause confidential information of lenders and borrowers to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to liability related to the loss of information, time-consuming and expensive litigation and negative publicity. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—If we are unable to protect the confidential information of our users and adapt to the relevant regulatory framework regarding protection of such information, our business and operations may be adversely affected.”

Regulations on Internet Advertising

The Interim Measures for Administration of Internet Advertising, or the Internet Advertising Measures, were promulgated by the SAIC and became effective on September 1, 2016. According to the Internet Advertising Measures, Internet advertisers are responsible for the authenticity of the content of advertisements. Internet advertisements shall be distinguishable and prominently marked as “advertisements” in order to enable consumers to identify them as advertisements. It is required that publishing and circulating advertisements through the Internet shall not affect the normal use of the Internet by users. It is not allowed to induce users to click on the content of advertisements by any fraudulent means, or to attach advertisements or advertising links in the emails without permission.

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights

The PRC has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, trademarks and domain names.

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Copyright. Copyright in the PRC, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the PRC Copyright Law and related regulations and rules. Under the PRC Copyright Law , the term of protection for copyrighted software is 50 years.

Patent. The PRC Patent Law provides for patentable inventions, utility models and designs, which must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. The State Intellectual Property Office under the State Council is responsible for examining and approving patent applications. The duration of a patent right is either 10 years or 20 years from the date of application, depending on the type of patent right.

Trademark. The PRC Trademark Law promulgated on August 23, 1982 and most recently revised on April 23, 2019 and became effective on November 1, 2019, and its implementation rules promulgated on August 3, 2002 and revised on April 29, 2014, protect registered trademarks. The PRC Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration. The Trademark Office under the SAIC is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks throughout the PRC, and grants a term of ten years to registered trademarks and another ten years if requested upon expiry of the initial or extended term. Trademark license agreements must be filed with the Trademark Office for record.

Domain Name. Domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures on the Internet Domain Names promulgated by the MIIT and effective on November 1, 2017. The MIIT is the major regulatory authority responsible for the administration of the PRC Internet domain names. The registration of domain names in PRC is on a “first-apply-first-registration” basis. A domain name applicant will become the domain name holder upon the completion of the application procedure. Our major domain name “niwodai.com” has been registered.

Regulations Relating to Mergers and Acquisitions

Six PRC regulatory authorities, including the CSRC, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors , or the M&A Rules, which became effective in September 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules, among other things, require offshore SPVs formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange.

While the implementation of the M&A Rules remains unclear, we believe, based on the advice of our PRC counsel, that CSRC approval is not required in the context of our initial public offering because: (i) the PRC Subsidiary was established by means of direct investment rather than by a merger with or an acquisition of any PRC domestic companies as defined under the M&A Rules, and was not a PRC domestic company as defined under the M&A Rules, and (ii) no explicit provision in the M&A Rules classifies the respective contractual arrangements among our PRC Subsidiary, our consolidated VIE and its shareholders as a type of acquisition transaction falling under the M&A Rules. However, as there has been no official interpretation or clarification of the M&A Rules, there is uncertainty as to how this regulation will be interpreted or implemented.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations , most recently amended in August 2008. Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations , payments of current account items, such as profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. By contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate regulatory authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital account items, such as direct investment, repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans, repatriation of investment and investment in securities outside of China.

On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated SAFE Circular 19, which was partially abolished on December 30, 2019, to expand the reform nationwide. Under SAFE Circular 19, the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of foreign-invested enterprises upon the confirmation of rights and interests of monetary contribution by the local branches of the SAFE (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operation needs of the enterprises. The proportion of discretionary settlement of foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises is currently 100%. The SAFE can adjust such proportion in due time based on the circumstances of international balance of payments. However, SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 promulgated by the SAFE in June 2016 continue to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using RMB fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, investment and financing (except for security investment or guarantee products issued by bank), providing loans to non-affiliated enterprises or constructing or purchasing real estate not for self-use. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

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On January 18, 2017, the SAFE issued the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to PRC Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as “SAFE Circular 75.” SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of offshore investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC residents, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event.

On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment , or SAFE Circular 13, the attachment of which was partially abolished on December 30, 2019. After SAFE Circular 13 became effective on June 1, 2015, instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and offshore direct investment from the SAFE, entities and individuals will be required to apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of the SAFE, will directly examine the applications and conduct the registration.

In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. Mr. Dinggui Yan, Mr. Guanglin Zhang and Mr. Yuanle Wu, who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents, have completed their SAFE registration pursuant to SAFE Circular 37.

Regulations on Employee Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company

Pursuant to the Circular on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Share Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company , issued by the SAFE in February 2012, individuals participating in any share incentive plan of any overseas publicly listed company who are PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with the SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company, and complete certain other procedures. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and have been granted options are subject to these regulations. Failure by these individuals to complete their SAFE registrations may subject us and them to fines and other legal sanctions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.”

The SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC Subsidiary has obligations to file documents related to employee share options with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC regulatory authorities.

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Regulations on Dividend Distribution

Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC Subsidiary, which is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise incorporated in China, to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises is the Company Law of the PRC. Under the Company Law of the PRC, companies in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, companies in China are required to set aside certain statutory reserve funds of at least 10% of its after-tax profit, until the cumulative amount of such statutory reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. Furthermore, companies in China may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to a discretionary surplus fund at their discretion. Our PRC subsidiary will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds.

Regulations Relating to Employment

The PRC Labor Law and the PRC Labor Contract Law require that employers must execute written employment contracts with full-time employees. All employers must compensate their employees with wages equal to at least the local minimum wage standards. Violations of the PRC Labor Law and the PRC Labor Contract Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative sanctions, and serious violations may result in criminal liabilities.

Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension fund, a medical insurance fund, an unemployment insurance fund, a work-related injury insurance fund and a maternity insurance fund, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. According to the Social Insurance Law of the PRC , an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to rectify the non-compliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee of up to 0.05% or 0.2% per day, as the case may be. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within the stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.” In addition, the Individual Income Tax Law of the PRC requires companies operating in China to withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries based on the actual salary of each employee upon payment.

Prior to March 2018, we failed to make adequate contributions to employee benefit plans or adequate employee individual income tax withholdings, as required by applicable PRC laws and regulations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans and withhold individual income tax on employees’ salaries as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.” We have recorded accruals for the estimated underpaid amounts in our financial statements. Since March 2018, we have made adequate payments for the social welfare and housing provident fund and withholding individual tax for our employees in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

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Regulations Relating to Tax

Dividend Withholding Tax

Pursuant to the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the EIT Law and its implementation rules, which became effective on January 1, 2008, if a non-resident enterprise has not set up an organization or establishment in the PRC, or has set up an organization or establishment but the income derived has no actual connection with such organization or establishment, it will be subject to a withholding tax on its PRC-sourced income at a rate of 10%. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income , the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC resident enterprise to a Hong Kong resident enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Circular on Issues Concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements issued by the SAT, or SAT Circular 81, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet the following conditions, among others, in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax: (i) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (ii) it must have directly owned such percentage in the PRC resident enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. There are also other conditions for enjoying the reduced withholding tax rate according to other relevant tax rules and regulations. In October 2019, the SAT promulgated the Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-resident Taxpayers’ Enjoyment of Treaty Benefits, or SAT circular 35, which became effective on January 1, 2020, replacing the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties. SAT Circular 35 provides that non-resident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate. Instead, non-resident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, file the Information Reporting Form for Non-resident Taxpayers Claiming Treaty Benefits and directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate when performing tax filings, and collet and retain relevant supporting documents, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. Accordingly, Jiayin (HK) Limited may be able to enjoy the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends they receive from our PRC Subsidiary, if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under SAT Circular 81 and other relevant tax regulations and rules. However, according to SAT Circular 81 and SAT Circular 35, if the relevant tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future. According to the Circular on Several Issues regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties , which was issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT, effective as of April 1, 2018, when determining the applicant’s status of the “beneficial owner”, several factors in connection with dividends, interests or royalties in the tax treaties, including without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of his or her income in twelve months to residents of third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties levy no tax, grant tax exemption on relevant incomes or levy tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account. The applicant’s status will be analyzed in light of actual circumstances of specific cases. This circular further provides that applicants who intend to prove his or her status of the “beneficial owner” shall submit the relevant documents to the relevant tax bureau according to SAT Circular 35.

Enterprise Income Tax

The EIT Law and its implementing rules are the principal regulations governing enterprise income tax in the PRC. The EIT Law imposes a uniform enterprise income tax rate of 25% on all resident enterprises in the PRC, including foreign-invested enterprises. Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside China with its “de facto management body” located within China is considered a “resident enterprise”, which means that it is treated in a manner similar to a PRC domestic enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The implementing rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management body” as a managing body that in practice exercises “substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties” of the enterprise.

The SAT issued the Circular on Issues Concerning the Identification of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance With the Actual Standards of Organizational Management , or SAT Circular 82 in 2009. According to SAT Circular 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC resident enterprise by virtue of having a “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following criteria are met:(i) the senior executives and core management departments in charge of the day-to-day operations have their presence mainly in China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholders meeting minutes are located or maintained in China; and (iv) 50% or more of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

If we were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In such case, our profitability and cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the EIT Law. We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”

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In the event that we are considered to be a PRC resident enterprise, interest paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders who are non-PRC resident enterprises as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs may be regarded as PRC-sourced income and as a result be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties, and similarly, dividends paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders who are non-PRC resident individuals, as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs, may be regarded as PRC-sourced income and as a result be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties.

SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises , or SAT Bulletin 7, on February 3, 2015, which replaced or supplemented certain previous rules under the circular commonly known as “SAT Circular 698.” Under SAT Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to SAT Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immoveable properties in China, and equity investment in PRC resident enterprises. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the relevant gain is to be regarded as effectively connected with the PRC establishment and therefore included in its enterprise income tax filing, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immoveable properties in China or to equity investment in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not effectively connected to a PRC establishment of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. There is uncertainty as to the implementation details of SAT Bulletin 7. If SAT Bulletin 7 was determined by the tax authorities to be applicable to some of our transactions involving PRC taxable assets, our offshore subsidiaries conducting the relevant transactions might be required to spend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 or to establish that the relevant transactions should not be taxed under SAT Bulletin 7. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.”

Under applicable PRC laws, payers of PRC-sourced income to non-PRC residents are generally obligated to withhold PRC income taxes from the payment. In the event of a failure to withhold, the non-PRC residents are required to pay such taxes on their own. Failure to comply with the tax payment obligations by the non-PRC residents will result in penalties, including full payment of taxes owed, fines and default interest on those taxes.

PRC Value-Added Tax

In November 2011, the MOF and the SAT promulgated the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax , pursuant to which, a VAT was imposed to replace the business tax in the transport and shipping industry and some of the modern service industries in certain pilot regions from January 1, 2012. The pilot plan for replacing business tax with VAT was expanded to all regions and industries as of May 1, 2016 according to the Circular on Fully Promoting the Pilot Plan for Replacing Business Tax with Value-Added Tax promulgated by the MOF and the SAT in March 2016. Entities or individuals conducting business in the service industry in the PRC are required to pay a valued-added tax, or VAT, at a rate of 6% with respect to revenues derived from the provision of online information services. A taxpayer is allowed to offset the qualified input VAT paid on taxable purchases against the output VAT chargeable on the revenue from services provided.

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The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including the names, places of incorporation and the proportion of ownership interests in our significant subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities and their subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report:

Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the Shareholders of Jiayin Finance

Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, value-added telecommunications services, which include the operations of Internet content providers, or ICPs, we, similar to all other entities with foreign incorporated holding company structures operating in our industry in China, currently conduct these activities mainly through Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries over which we exercise effective control through Contractual Arrangements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and its shareholders.

The Contractual Arrangements allow us to:

As a result of these Contractual Arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of Jiayin Finance and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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In the opinion of King & Wood Mallesons, our PRC counsel:

The following is a summary of the currently effective Contractual Arrangements by and among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and the shareholders of the Jiayin Finance.

Agreements that provide us with effective control over Jiayin Finance

Power of Attorney. Pursuant to the power of attorney issued by Jiayin Finance and its shareholders, each shareholder of Jiayin Finance, has irrevocably appointed the board of directors of Shanghai KunJia to act as such shareholder’s exclusive attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights, including the right to attend and vote on shareholder’s meetings and appoint legal representatives, directors, supervisors and executive officers. In addition, the board of directors of Shanghai KunJia is also entitled to appropriate, use or otherwise dispose of all dividends and other distributions. Furthermore, all activities of the board of directors of Shanghai KunJia in connection with the equity interest of Jiayin Finance shall be considered activities of the shareholders of Jiayin Finance, including in the execution of the exclusive call option agreement. The board of directors of Shanghai KunJia may delegate the power of attorney prescribed under this power of attorney to others without prior approval or notification. Jiayin Finance disclaims all rights and powers entrusted to the directors of Shanghai KunJia. The power of attorney will remain in force for so long as the shareholder remains a shareholder of Jiayin Finance.

Equity Pledge Agreement. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and each of the shareholders of Jiayin Finance, the shareholders of Jiayin Finance have pledged all of their equity interest in Jiayin Finance as a continuing first priority security interest, as applicable, to respectively guarantee Jiayin Finance’ performance of its obligations under the relevant Contractual Arrangements, which include the exclusive consultation and service agreement, exclusive call option agreement and power of attorney agreement provided that the guaranteed obligation shall not exceed the expected market capitalization of Jiayin Finance, which is US$20 billion, multiplied by their respective shareholding percentage. If Jianyin Finance breaches its contractual obligations under these agreements, Shanghai KunJia, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights regarding the pledged equity interests. In the event of such breaches, Shanghai KunJia’s rights include forcing the auction or sale of all or part of the pledged equity interests of Jiayin Finance and receiving proceeds from such auction or sale in accordance with PRC law to the extent the rights of Shanghai KunJia under the Contractual Arrangements are satisfied. In the event of significant decrease in value of the equity interest of Jiayin Finance, in addition to the foregoing remedies, Shanghai KunJia is also entitled to entrust notary with the proceeds from such auction or sale, or requiring the shareholders, as pledgor, to provide other forms of security acceptable to Shanghai KunJia. It is also agreed that any subscription of additional registered capital of Jiayin Finance or any equity interests transferred among those shareholders will automatically be subject to this agreement and the shareholders will be obligated to register pledge of such equity interest in ten business days. During the term of the applicable equity interest pledges, such shareholder will not dispose of the pledged equity interests or create or allow any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests. Each equity interest pledge will remain effective until the full performance of the contractual agreements, including the settlement of payment by Jiayin Finance and its shareholders and indemnification of any losses caused by Jiayin Finance, if applicable, and termination of such contractual agreements. We have registered pledges of equity interest in Jiayin Finance with the relevant office of the administration for industry and commerce in accordance with the PRC Property Rights Law.

Agreement that allows us to receive economic benefits from Jiayin Finance

Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement. Pursuant to the Exclusive Consultation and Service Agreement between Shanghai KunJia and Jiayin Finance, Shanghai KunJia has the exclusive right to provide Jiayin Finance with consulting and other services. Without Shanghai KunJia’s prior written consent, Jiayin Finance may not accept any services subject to this agreement from any third party. In exchange, Shanghai KunJia is entitled to receive a service fee on a quarterly basis and at an amount equivalent to all of its net income. Shanghai KunJia has the right to determine the service fee to be charged to Jianyin Finance under this agreement by considering, among other things, the complexity of the services, the actual time that may be spent and cost that may be incurred for providing such services, as well as the value and comparable price on the market of the service provided. Shanghai KunJia will exclusively enjoy all the rights, property rights and intellectual property rights created as a result of the performance of this agreement. Without prior written consent of Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance shall not enter into any transactions which may materially affect Jiayin Finance’s assets, liabilities, business operations, equity interests and other legal interests. Unless Shanghai KunJia terminates this agreement in advance or otherwise required by law, this agreement will remain effective for ten years and automatically extend for another ten years upon any expiration date. Jiayin Finance may not terminate this agreement unilaterally.

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Agreement that provides us with the option to purchase the equity interests in Jiayin Finance

Exclusive Call Option Agreement. Pursuant to the exclusive call option agreements among Shanghai KunJia, Jiayin Finance and shareholders of Jiayin Finance, Jiayin Finance and each of their shareholders have irrevocably granted Shanghai KunJia an exclusive option to purchase, or have its designated person or persons to purchase, at its discretion at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of such shareholder’s equity interests in the applicable, or all or part of the assets, of Jiayin Finance for RMB1, or the minimum purchase price as permitted by PRC laws. Shareholders of Jiayin Finance promise to make all efforts to enable Shanghai KunJia to exercise its option, including but not limited to resignation and granting options and right to earnings of Shanghai KunJia. Without Shanghai KunJia’s prior written consent, Jiayin Finance and its shareholders have agreed that they shall not amend its articles of association, increase or decrease the registered capital, sell or otherwise dispose of its assets or beneficial interest, create or allow any encumbrance on its assets or other beneficial interests, provide any loans or guarantees and etc. Jiayin Finance and its shareholders undertake to appoint persons designated by Shanghai KunJia as directors of Jiayin Finance. Unless Shanghai KunJia terminates this agreement in advance or otherwise required by law, this agreement will remain effective for ten years and automatically extend for another ten years upon any expiration date. Jiayin Finance may not terminate this agreement unilaterally.

Collaboration Agreement with Shanghai Caiyin

According to the collaboration agreement between Niwodai Internet and Shanghai Caiyin in December 2015, Shanghai Caiyin provides post-origination loan management services and manages the investor assurance program for loans facilitated prior to April 28, 2018 to pay investor in case of borrower default.

Pursuant to the collaboration agreement in December 2015, Shanghai Caiyin should pay Niwodai Internet the full overdue amount and authorized Niwodai Internet to withdraw such amount from risk reserve fund. Niwodai Internet might also request Shanghai Caiyin to repay the full amount of outstanding loan and service fees in certain occasions, including (i) when the borrower was sued or otherwise deemed unable to repay the loan, (ii) when there was a significant adverse change in the business operation or financial condition of Shanghai Caiyin, including major litigation, cessation of business, significant investment, sealing up of property, major loss or changes of internal control or accounting methods, (iii) when Niwodai Internet reasonable believed Shanghai Caiyin was no longer able or suitable to perform its post-origination services or (iv) in other occasions that adversely affected interest of investors of Niwodai Internet or Shanghai Caiyin’s capacity to perform was obligations. Niwodai Internet had exclusive right to determine such percentage at any time. After Shanghai Caiyin paid investor, Shanghai Caiyin was authorized to collect the loan from the defaulting borrower.

Niwodai Internet was eligible to collect the amount of service fees in excess of the amount paid by Shanghai Caiyin to the investors out of the risk reserve fund, minus reasonable operation costs. Furthermore, Niwodai Internet reserved the right to terminate the agreement at any time and engage other parties to perform the guarantee services. Unless terminated by Niwodai Internet, this agreement would remain effective indefinitely.

As a result of this collaboration agreement in December 2015, we were the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Caiyin, and, therefore, had consolidated the financial results of Shanghai Caiyin in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

In September 2019, as part of our business transformation, Niwodai Internet and Shanghai Caiyin entered into an amendment agreement, pursuant to which, Niwodai Internet no longer had the rights to adjust the charge rate of guarantee services for Shanghai Caiyin, to collect the residual economic benefits from the guarantee services provided by Shanghai Caiyin, or to terminate the guarantee service agreement at any time. We later disposed of Shanghai Caiyin. Since September 2019, Niwodai Internet was no longer considered as the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Caiyin and Shanghai Caiyin was deconsolidated by us.

Our principal executive offices are located on leased premises comprising 13,182 square meters in Shanghai, China. We lease our premises mainly from unrelated third parties under operating lease agreements.

Our servers are primarily hosted at third-party Internet data centers. We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through leasing, to accommodate our future expansion plans.

None.

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Overview

We are a leading online individual finance marketplace in China. The origin of our business can be traced back to 2011. We are committed to facilitating effective, transparent, secure and fast connections between investors and borrowers, whose needs are underserved by traditional financial institutions. Our marketplace, empowered by highly automated process and technologies, provides a streamlined user experience.

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We offer standard loan products with fixed terms and repayment schedules generally ranging from RMB2,500 to RMB30,000 via the Niwodai borrower app and our website. We strategically focused on facilitating mid-to long-term consumer loans with a term of 12 months, as we believe such loan products are best positioned to generate attractive returns, and at the same time, capture the financing needs of quality borrowers. In 2019, approximately 3,828,000 investment transactions were made by approximately 195,000 investors, with an aggregate investment volume of RMB23.0 billion (US$3.3 billion). In 2019, approximately 2,577,000 borrowings were facilitated on our marketplace, with an aggregate loan origination volume of approximately RMB19.1 billion (US$2.7 billion).

From the third quarter of 2019, we started to expand our investor base of individuals to institutional funding partners, including banks, trust and microcredit companies. In 2019, we had seven institutional funding partners and they invested an aggregate investment volume of RMB0.8 billion (US$0.1 billion).

Our online marketplace embraces significant opportunities presented by a financial system that leaves many creditworthy individuals underserved. We provide borrowers with fast and convenient access to credit at affordable and competitive rates, while we offer investors convenient and quick access to an alternative asset class with attractive returns. We neither use our own capital to invest in loans facilitated through our marketplace nor provide loan guarantees to our investors other than through our investor protection program.

Due to certain unfavorable market developments, including regulatory changes, our net revenue decreased by 22.6% from RMB2,881.9 million in 2018 to RMB2,230.2 million (US$320.3 million) in 2019. Our net income decreased by 13.8% from RMB611.8 million in 2018 to RMB527.2 million (US$75.7 million) in 2019.

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General Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Economic Conditions

The demand for online personal credit services is dependent upon overall economic conditions in China. General economic factors, including the interest rate environment, regional salary and disposable income levels and unemployment rates, may affect borrowers’ willingness to seek loans and investors’ ability and desire to invest in loans. For example, significant increases in interest rates could cause potential borrowers to defer obtaining loans as they wait for interest rates to stabilize or decrease. Additionally, a slowdown in the economy, such as a rise in the unemployment rate and a decrease in real income, may affect individuals’ level of disposable income. This may negatively affect borrowers’ repayment capability, which in turn may decrease their willingness to seek loans and potentially cause an increase in default rates. If actual or expected default rates increase generally in China or in the personal credit market, investors may delay or reduce their investments in loan products in general.

Regulatory Environment in China

The regulatory environment for the online personal credit industry in China is developing and evolving, creating both challenges and opportunities that could affect our financial performance. Due to the relatively short history of the online personal credit industry in China, the PRC regulatory environment for the industry has been constantly evolving, with new legislation and trial programs being instituted in the recent years. PRC government officials from a number of agencies and departments have expressed support for the development of the online individual finance industry in China, and have also expressed the need for strengthening the regulation and supervision of the industry.

Unfavorable changes in any of these general industry conditions could negatively affect demand for our services. As the regulatory regime is relatively new and evolving, and the interpretation and enforcement of related laws and regulations are subject to significant uncertainties, it results in difficulties in determining whether our existing practices may be interpreted to violate any applicable laws and regulations, and any such violation could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Furthermore, in an effort to manage risks and maintain market integrity, PRC government has taken various initiatives, including the Dual Decrease and other limitations on our business scale, which could discourage the development of the online personal credit industry, and limit our capability to grow our business. Based on our interpretation of these regulations, in order to stay compliant with these circulars, we closely monitor the outstanding principal and number of investors, and voluntarily manage these operating metrics so that they do not experience any significant increase compared to our outstanding principal as of June 30, 2017. In the second half of 2019, the loan origination volume on our marketplace decreased primarily due to the adverse effect caused by Circular 1, which requires an online lending intermediaries to reduce the number of investors, business volume and number of borrowers. In the third quarter of 2019, we started to strengthen our cooperation with institutional funding partners. But it is still uncertain whether our cooperation model with institutional funding partners will be influenced by the CBIRC Circular 37. Furthermore, due to the lack of clarity in certain key definitions under these regulations, there remain uncertainties including the possibility that regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation. As our future revenue, profit and working capital rely on the amount of loans originated on our marketplace and the corresponding service fees we are entitled to collect from such loans, if we were required by regulatory action to cease offering products to individual investors, we might need to take various measures in order to maintain the current scale or growth of our business while adhering to our interpretations of these regulations. These measures might include providing technology services to third party companies, expanding our overseas businesses, diversifying our funding channels and strengthening our cooperation with financial institutions, which may not be available on reasonable terms in a timely manner, or at all, and all of these measures may not be sufficient to maintain our business growth, and may not generate sufficient revenue or cash inflows to offset decreases in the outstanding principal of our marketplace, or may not otherwise result in the intended benefits.

Conversely, our business operations also benefits from certain recent laws and regulations of the PRC. We became one of the first individual lending marketplaces to share credit information with Baihang Credit, which integrates, saves and processes data collected from us and multiple other companies. As we are able to report borrowers who are in default for more than eight days to Baihang Credit, this aggregation of data will limit the ability of these borrowers to obtain future credit from other marketplaces sharing data with Baihang Credit. Accordingly, we believe the reporting and sharing of such data pressures defaulting borrowers to become more willing to repay loans. We expect recent laws and regulations on collecting and sharing information of discredited borrowers on individual lending marketplaces combined with regulations on imposing disciplinary measures on discredited parties subject to enforcement will further enhance our capability to collect from defaulting borrowers and increase our profitability.

We will continue to make efforts to ensure that we are compliant with the existing laws, regulations and governmental policies relating to our industry and to comply with new laws and regulations or changes under existing laws and regulations that may arise in the future. While new laws and regulations or changes to existing laws and regulations could make loans more difficult to be accepted by investors or borrowers on terms favorable to us, or at all, these events could also provide new product and market opportunities.

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Ability to Acquire Investors and Borrowers Cost Effectively

Our ability to increase the loan volume facilitated through our marketplace largely depends on our ability to attract potential investors and borrowers through sales and marketing efforts. Our sales and marketing efforts include those related to borrower and investor acquisition and retention, and general marketing. We intend to continue to dedicate significant resources to our sales and marketing efforts and constantly seek to improve the effectiveness of these efforts.

Effectiveness of Risk Control Framework

Our ability to effectively evaluate a borrower’s risk profile and likelihood of default may directly affect our results of operations. If a borrower defaults, we may not be able to collect the outstanding service fees from the borrower. The effectiveness of our risk and credit assessment system also directly affects the performance of the loans we facilitated, which has a significant impact on our results of operations. For loans facilitated on our marketplace prior to April 28, 2018, we established and maintained an investor assurance program contributed by borrowers on our marketplace to repay investors on our marketplace. We allocated part of the total transaction price first to the investor assurance program, and our net revenue was recognized net of the stand-ready liabilities associated with investor assurance program. We regularly reviewed the borrower’s risk profile, actual loss rate of each loan product facilitated and relevant economic factors to ensure the estimations were kept up-to-date and determine the service fee rate charged from borrowers in relation to the investor assurance program managed by us while minimizing the need for future provision for contingent liabilities. As we disposed of Shanghai Caiyin in September 2019, we no longer manage any investor assurance program by ourselves and all the investor assurance programs are provided by third party guarantors.

Product Offering and Pricing

Our ability to maintain profitability largely depends on our ability to continually optimize our product offering and to accurately price the loans facilitated through our marketplace. We offer primarily standard loan products of fixed terms and repayment schedules. We offer primarily standard loan products with fixed terms and repayment schedules ranging from RMB2,500 to RMB30,000. We currently offer our standard loan products with a term of 12 months, and in 2016 and 2017, we offered standard loan products with terms ranging from one to 18 months. We also offer an option to selective quality borrowers who have a loan outstanding and consistent repayment history with us since February 2018, to draw down another loan with a term of 12 months, within their credit limit.

Our growth to date has depended on, and our future success will depend in part on, successfully meeting borrower and investor demand with new and innovative loan and investment products. We have made and intend to continue to make efforts to develop loan and investment products for investors and borrowers. We constantly evaluate the popularity of our existing product offering and develop new products and services that cater to the ever-evolving needs of our investors and borrowers. Failure to continue to successfully develop and offer innovative products and for such products to gain broad acceptance by our investors and borrowers could adversely affect our operating results and we may not recoup the costs of launching and marketing new products.

In response to market competition or further developments, we may spend more efforts promoting certain loan products, manage the growth in volume of certain loan products, introduce new products or adjust the pricing of our existing products. Any material change in the product mix could have a significant impact on our revenue and profitability.

Ability to Compete Effectively

Our business and results of operations depend on our ability to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate. The online individual finance marketplace industry in China is intensely competitive, and we expect that competition to persist and intensify in the future. In addition to competing with other individual finance marketplaces, we also compete with other types of financial products and companies that attract borrowers, investors or both. With respect to borrowers, we primarily compete with traditional financial institutions, such as individual finance business units in commercial banks, credit card issuers and other individual finance companies. With respect to investors, we primarily compete with other investment products and asset classes, such as equities, bonds, investment trust products, bank savings accounts, real estate and alternative asset classes. If we are unable to compete effectively, the demand for our marketplace could stagnate or substantially decline, we could experience reduced revenues or our marketplace could fail to maintain or achieve more widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business and results of operations.

Credit Performance Data

Our operating results and financial condition are directly affected by the performance of the loans we facilitate. We closely monitor key loan performance data, including the data set out below, to track the lifetime performance of our loans and adjust our risk management strategies accordingly.

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M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage

We refer to loans facilitated during a specified time period as a vintage. We define “M3+ Delinquency Rate By Vintage” as the total amount of principal for all loans in a vintage for which any repayment was more than 90 days past due as of a particular date, less the total amount of past due principal recovered for such loans, and divided by the total amount of principal for all loans in such vintage. We calculate M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for quarter vintage as the weighted average of the M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for each month in such quarter by loan origination volume.

As we continuously explore and optimize our product offering, the mix of our loan products evolved over time. We believe a change of loan products generally leads to a change in borrowing profile. We gradually phased out of the historical practice of using offline referrals to acquire borrowers and no longer offer offline standard loan products and non-standard loan products or serve borrowers referred to us offline. Currently, we offer online standard loan products with a term of 12 months. We rolled out such online standard loan products in October 2016, and we plan to continue to offer such products to our borrowers. As such, we believe the credit performance of our current products, namely the online standard loan products with a term of 12 months, is more indicative of future credit performance of loans facilitated through our marketplace.

The following chart and table display the historical cumulative M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for such loan products.

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We have been able to effectively manage the quality of our products and achieve a balance between the growth of loan origination volume and realized delinquency rates. In the fourth quarter of 2017, however, changes to regulatory landscape and increasing market uncertainties significantly affected borrower behaviors, which led to a negative impact on loan quality across many online individual finance marketplace platforms, including ours. This impact was particularly noticeable for loans facilitated during the fourth quarter of 2017. However, this impact was temporary and had subsided in 2018 and 2019. As a result, the M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage for loans facilitated after the fourth quarter of 2017 has returned to a more normal range.

Delinquency Rate by Balance

We define the delinquency rates by balance as the total outstanding principal for loans where the longest past due period of a repayment was 1 to 30, 31 to 60, 61 to 90, 91 to 180 and more than 180 calendar days as of a certain date as a percentage of the total outstanding principal for the loans on our marketplace net of the outstanding principal repaid by the investor assurance program as of such date. We consider our delinquency rate by balance as an indicator of our loan performance and quality of our assets in general. The following table provides the delinquency rate by balance for all outstanding loans on our marketplace as of the respective dates indicated.

Our delinquency rate is influenced by our product mix. The amounts related to our offline loan products also includes loans facilitated by Niwodai Finance, and therefore represent a higher delinquency rate than our online loan products. The following table sets forth the outstanding principal of delinquent loans by product.

Components of Results of Operations

Net Revenue

Our net revenue derives from fees charged for providing services, including loan facilitation services, post-origination services and other revenues. In accordance with the agreements with our investors and borrowers, we collect service fees from borrowers in facilitating loan transactions. We also charge investors service fees for automated investment programs and for loan transfers over our secondary loan market. In addition, we charge other fees contingent on future events, such as penalty fees for late payments. Our net revenue is presented net of VAT. Prior to April 28, 2018, our net revenue was fees billed net of stand-ready liabilities associated with the investor assurance program managed by us and cash incentives. As we discontinued managing investor assurance program for loans facilitated after April 28, 2018, we no longer charge service fees associated with guarantee services. Therefore, we no longer allocate a portion of collectible service fees to the fair value of the stand-ready liability from the investor assurance program. Our net revenue is recognized as revenues from loan facilitation services, revenues from post-origination services and other revenues.

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